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TITLES
OF
HONOR
By the late Famous and Learned An- tiquary John Selden of the In- ner Temple, Elquire#
Xijc xfittti emtfott carefully €owtttb.
With Additions and Amendments by the Author.
Boetius deConfolat. Philofophi<e.
Quos pluribus oftentat, deJpeSiiores potiks Dignitas Impro'oos facit. Verhm non tmpune j reddunt namqne Improbi pa- rent Dignitatibus vicem^qnasfua contagione commaculant.
LONDON,
Printed by E. Tyler , and R, Hole , for Thomas Drina and are to be Sold at the If bite Lion next Chancery -La?7e End in Fleetfireet. MDCLXXIL
j -
or
s-
TO
My moft beloved Friend ,
EDWARD HEYVVAPvD
O F
CARDESTON
In Norfolk^ Efquire. Worthy Sir ,
[Hat AfFe&ion, which thus gave you , fbme fixteen years paft, the Firft Edi- tion of the Ti t l e s of Honour , was juftly bred out of the moll fvveet Community of Life and Freedom of Studies^which I then happily enjoyed with you. And your excellent conftancy to Vir- tue and good Arts , befides the mutual habitude of no intermitting Friendship between us , hath fo ftrongly finceconfirmed it ? that 7 although you had not fuch a former right to this Second alfo 3 yet you
a only
Q».
The Epistle
only or a Name of fuch Worth (in what rank fo- ever) I fhould have fought for , if any , to have placed here. Books have been ufually Dedicated., either for Inftru&ion, as Cicero s Offices to his Son, S. Luh to Tbeopbilw , and the like ; or for Cenfure, whether they were fit to be made Publique or no , . as that of Aufonim , to Pacatus , with Sive legen- da Jive tegenda futes; or for Love and Honour only to the Receivers. The firft kind are private of their own nature ; though afterward they often be- come Publique. So are they of the fecond , until at the peril of his Judgment, who is fo made Cen- for y they be offered to the view of the World. And fuch a one , in truth 9 only is a Patron to an- others Work , and to the Edition ; and that either according to the reciprocal Offices between Patron and Client in the old State of Rome, or as an At fignee of a Slave there , made only to judge whe- ther he deferved manumiffion , was when he had given it him. And this kind hath been ufedaswell for the fafety of the Authour as for the Defence of his Wit or Learning. For cum omne genus jiudiorum ( as he fayes ) liberius & ere&ius fe- riculofum fervitm fecijjet 3 doubtlefs that care alfo grew more frequent in Dedications. And there had been fpecial ufe of it in one of the firft Books (if not the firft) that ever was Publiftied , as they fay , among the Greeks: I mean that of Anaxa- goras , of the light andjhadom of the Moon ■ where- in it is farce to be queftioned but that he opened alfo that his opinion of the Suns being of fuch con- fidence as Iron heated to the ntmofi height , or, as he called it, nlj\yn hlvu^, for which he was accufed
by
Dedicatory.
by Cleo ( in their Helixa y I think , which was the proper Court for PubJique Affairs ) as guilty of Blafphemy 9 or of an unfufFerable Herefie againft the Athenian Worfhip of his time. And though his Schollar Pericles undertook his Defence , yet he was fined for it at five Talents and banifhed his Countrey. But the Title of Patron is grofly , though commonly , abufed where no Cenfure or Power at all of Suppreffing , Correction 3 or Mo- nition , is left to him that is ftyled fo. As if one could be put into the ftate of a Libertine , with- out a former Servitude ! or be bound fo to re- ceive , what he knows not \ into his Protection I But of the Third kind , is this to you 5 Dear Sir. You are one that can rightly efteem a Work , and judge both of it , and of the Ability too 'that be- gets it. And to fuch only are thefe kind of Gifts to be thus prefented. Love and Honour are bed teftified by what fits the quality to which you give them. For who would offer Gold to thofe Ame- ricans' that fet greater Price on the like or lefs quan- tity of Glafs or Copper ? They are not fo guilty of difvaluing as is the common Enemy Ignorance , or, that which is next it , fbme Fragment of Knowledge fupported only with an illiberal exercife of depra- ved Reafon , when the Front of any piece of good Learning raifed out of Liberal difquifition , is diC- honoured with the Name of any Mailer of either of them j what found of Opinion or Addition foever befides be hung about him. You remember the Tale in Lucian , of that /Egyptian King , who among other his Magnificent Entertainments of his People j mewed them a black Camel , mining with
a 2 moft
The Epistle
moft rich Trappings , and fuch Jewels as were not beneath the value of fome great Princes PofTefli- ons. But they, in ftead of being taken with the Rare Novelty , and the precious Glory that ac- companied it , wholly either contemned or negle- cted that , and with a fcattered amazement only, at the unufual colour of the Bead: \ would have quitted the Theater. And upon this of mine (done , I will take leave to fay it , out of rich and moft fckd Stores and Cabinets of Civil Learning) what other kind of value than fuch could be fet by any that are either ftrangers to all Manly know- ledge , or elfe , equally with fuch , defpife what ere it be that falls not within the narrow Captivity of fome profeffion that they are fettered in. But the truly Generous Soul well knows and freely ufes its own ftrength , not only in prudently gaining and judging of what it fdf fele&s and loves beft within the vaft Circle of Knowledge, but un/uft- ly valuing alfo what another chufes there. It is laid that all Ides and Continents (which are indeed but greater I fles) are io feated , that there is none, but that , from fome ft ore of it , another may be difcovered. Some take this as an Invitation of Nature to the peopling of one foil from another. Others note it , as if the Publique Right of Mu- tual Commerce were defigned by it. Certainly the fevered Parts of good Arts and Learning , have that kind of fite. And , as all are to be diligent- ly fought to be poftefled by Mankind , fo every one hath fo much relation to fome other , that it hath not only ufe often of the aid of what is next it, but, through that, alfo of what is out of ken
to
Dedicatory.
to it. Nor was there a more ufefull Lecture in the old Scholes than that of the Plantoniques when they nrft taught h ms w*&\tu*m to wilt 3 the common or mutual ufe that one Art or Difcipline had of another. I confefs , Sir , your Nobler Contemplations of Nature and the Mathematiques , are tar remote from the Subject I give you. Yet there is habi- tude even between it and them alio. States them- felves are from Nature , and the Supreme and Sub- ordinate Powers and Honours in them y from the example of it. And the often degeneration of Po- flerity , in fbme Nobilia portenta ( as Valerius calls them) from the Merit of their Anceftors that were firft raifed to Dignities 3 may loon fill here into your Ob/ervations of Nature alfo. Anciently that Merit ( it is Arifiotle that notes it) was principally grounded either in an Active and ftirring Wit and other fuch Worth, or in that which was Grave and more Setled. For to thefe two and the various Employments fitted to them 3 the chiefeft Parts of Civil Merit are reducible. But , fayes he 3 as Plants , fo men vary from their firft Stock. The Nature of that is often retained in Pofterity but for a time, and then they whofe Anceftors were raifed for Active or ftirring Spirits , degenerate (as Vermes often do into the Vices that would diflemble them ) into Wildneis and Levity; as his Examples are in the Pofterity of Alcibiades and the elder Dionyfius ; and the other kind into Lazie Dulnefs 3 as the Defcendents of Cimon , Pericles 3 and Socrates. And for the Mathematiques too; the working by Geometrical proportion 3 between Merit and Advancement , you know is ever to be
exerciled
The Epistle Dedicatory.
exercifed in that Diftributive Juftice which creates fuch Dignities and Titles as are reprefented here. Thus fome Parts of your own Studies , may per- haps be fometimes pleafed with it. But in earned ; as it comes from me , I know it is acceptable to you. And if it have the Fate of a long Life , it will return me a large Retribution by tranfmitting the Memory of our Friendship to Pofterity.
Ben.
BEN. JOHNSON
To his Honoured Friend
M JOHN SELDEN
HEALTH.
I Know to whom 1 writs : Here, I am fure7 Jvenand"
Though I be fbort, 1 cannot be obfcnre. £*£? j'°. the
r si 11 is I sr Edition,
Lefsjhau I for the art, or drejjing care ', 1514.
Since, naked, befi Truth, and the Graces are. Tour BooJ^y my Selden, I have read, and much Was trujied, that you thought my Judgment fuch To as\_ it : though, in moji of Worlds, it be A penance, where a man may not be free, K ather than office. When it doth, or may Chayice, that the Friends ajfeEli on proves allay IJnto the cenfure. Tours all need doth fie Of this fo vitious humanity : Than which, there is not unto Studie a more Pernicious enemy. We fee, before A many of Books, even good Judgments wound ThemfelveSy through favouring that, is there not found i But I to yours, far from this fault, fbaU do , Not fie the crime , but thefufpicion to. Though 1 confefs (as every Mufe hath end, And mine not leaf*) 1 have too oft preferrd Menpaji their terms ; and prais'dfome names too much : But 'twas, with purpofe, to have made them fuch. Since, being deceivd, I turn a /harper eye 'Upon my fdf; and askt to whom7 and whyy And what I write : and vex it many dayes, Before men get a Verfe, much left aprayfe.
So that my Reader is affurd, I now Mean what lfteahj> and, ftiU, will kgef that vow. Stand forth my obj eft, then. Ton, that have been Ever at homely et have all Countries feen ; And, like a Compafs, \eepingone foot ft ill Vponyour center, do your circle fill Of general Knowledge j watctid men j manners too ; Heard,what pa ft times have f aid \ feen, what ours do ; Which Grace /ball 1 make love tofirft > your skill} Or faith in things ? Or i/t your wealth and will T inform, and teach ? Or your unwearied pain Of gathering ? Bounty in pouring out again ? What Fables have you vexd ! What 'truth redeem d ! Antiqutiesfearch d ! Opinions difefteemd ! hipoflures branded, and Authorities urg d ! What Blots and Errors have yon watched, and pur gd Records and Authors of! How reSlified Times, Manners, Cufloms ! Innovations fpied ! Sought out the Fountains, Sources, Creeps, Paths, Waycs I It here is that nominal Mark^, or real Rite, Form, AB, or Enfign, that hath f cap* d your fight ? How are Traditions there exam in d ! How ConjeSlures retriv'd ! And a Story, now And then, of times (be fide the bare conduB Of what it tells us) weavdin, to inftruB. I 1 wonder d at the richnefs : but, am loft, To fee the workman/hip fo exceed the coft. To marhjhe excellent feas'nings ofyourftyh, Andmafculine elocution ; not one while With horror rou^h* then rioting with wit ', But, to thefubje£i,ftill the colours fit : In ftarpnefs of all fearch, wifdom of choice, Newnefs offenfe, antiquity of voice. I yield, I yield. The Matter of your praife Flows in upon me \ and I cannot raife A banl^againft it : Nothing, but the round Large clafp of Nature, fuch a wit can bound. Monarch in Letters ! 'Mongft thy T\t\tsJhown, Of others Honours ; thus, enjoy thine own. h firft,falute thee Jo : and gratulate, With that thy Style, thy keeping of thy State,
In
In off ring this thy Worhjo no Great Name ',
That would perhaps haveprais'd and thanked the fame.
But nought beyond. He, thou haji givn it to,
Thy learned Chamber-fellow, hpows to do
It true refpe&s. He will, not only, love,
Embrace, and cherijh ; but, he can approve
And fjiimate thy pains : as having wrought
In the rich Mines of Knowledge, and thence brought
Humanity enough, to be a Friend,
Andflrength, to be a Champion, and defend
Thy gift 'gainjl Envy. 0, how I do count
Amongjl my comings in (and fee it mount)
The gain of twofuch Friend/hips ; Hey ward, and
Selden, two Names, that fo much underftand :
On whom, I could take up (andne'r abufe
The credit) that would fumijb a tenth Mufe.
But hertys nor time, nor place, my wealth to tell .
Ton both are modeft : fo am L Farewel.
Th
C
idSh <•??• d
The Preface.
Omewhat was thought fit here to be faid to you, Reader, of the Materials and fome other Particulars that concern the Composition of the Work. For , of the Nature of the SubjeSt and the Me- thod, the Beginning it feif, and the Heads of the Chapters of both Parts prefixt together , give a View full e- nough. The Materials have been principally taken out of fevcral Authors that have purpofely written of Parts of the SubjeSt, out of the Hiftoriesoi feveral States and Ages, and out of their Constitutions and Cujioms.
Ofthofe Authors, fomeare, that write of the Titles of the old Roman Empire ('whence divers of the prefent , in mod States, are deduced-,^) fome of the later, or Greeh^, French , and prefent Roman and German Empire ', Some of the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and other Parts of Italy *, Divers of the Titles in France ', Divers of thofe in Spain ; Some of our Englijh Titles , and of thofe in Scotland. For the Subject , by Parts , hath not been rarely handled in the later Ages, but thought moft, worthy of good hours to be fpent on it , by fome of the greateft both Lawyers and Di- vines too fometimes,asalfo by others of lingular Eminency. And in thofe remote Ages, wherein we place the greateil flouri/hing of Wit and good Arts, that part of it which was then the chiefeft, and (if you except their Sacred and Civil Offices of Employment j which were frequently ad- ded to it alfo) the fole ilibordinate Title of Perfonal Digni- ty, that is, Gentleman, Nobilis, or 'Et>yi»}s , which is literally interpreted by BdetiMbOjtte with us and the Dutch , being fo but the fame in fubftance with one that had Jm Imagi- num in old Rome, was written of by it felf by fome great Names of that time, One book was written by Ariftotle ,
being
The Preface.
being alfo of better blood and difcent than moft of the known Phi Iofophers5 Trepl 'Euyim&s, or of Gentry (which was then moft ufually taken to be as an Inheritance of remar- kable Eftate and Virtue derived from the Anceftors) a frag- ment whereof is put at the end of forfie of his Editions. And that he wrote fuch a one is juftified alfo by Laertius in his life , and by a Athenxus } though indeed Plutarch doubt a Dip„0fop^- whether b that Were his or no , which in his time was infcri- ?*; l* .... bed fo. And I verily believe , Plutarch meant but the felf l**b atnmum. fame whereof the Fragment attributed to him is a part. For the paifage in him is , that Demetrius Phalerem, Hieronymm Rhodius, Arifioxenus and Ariftotle (a JV to Trepi 'EuywUi /3i/3ai'o? It 7bT«t»ji«o«s A^s-ojiwtjtlsu, if that Bo ok^ of Gentry be truly Ari- ftotlev^all agree that Socrates while his wife Xantippe lived, took alio into his houfe Myrto (>>«]p^ Apis-eij\«) Neece to Aritfides and maintained her. Now in that fragment, the words are, 01 (inyaf 1% tyS®* ymim Eufaus ifr v<>(m£p<ti \st9xTr«p$ Sa-
xp*1w ' Sla $ rtw A&rztfV £?t]Uv $ rlw Jvyentyt. auA* y&wqujf T$ i
for fome eUeem thofe well-born or of gentle bloody that are born of good Parents , as Socrates did, in that he ejieemed Ariftides his Daughter generous by reafon of her Fathers Virtues. This was pa»t of that which I prefume Plutarch had, in that book of AriUotle concerning Myrto, though he more truly make her Neece to the great Arijiides. For, that Socrates ihou Id marry Arijiides the Juft f who is meant here J) his Daughter, the concurrence of times, the moft exquifite touchftoac for Story , permits not, as it was long fince c alfo obferved. J/'*""*' Unlefs you will interpret Ariflotle according to that of the tfjf-Aww*. old d Civilians; received doubtlefs out of fuch as were anci- ITi.ia^G? ent alio to them; Liberorum appellatione-, nepotes & prone- 5<5' potes , cxterique qui ex his difcendunt continentur. Plutarch alfo , mjt 'Euymtas j or of Gentry is twice cited in e Stob^us, e-Serm- 84»- who hath alfo two Titles of Gentry and Gentlemen , or Nobi- lesy and fome fragments of him. But the moft of that which in the later of Stobxus Cin the firft Edition of him) is attri- buted to Plutarch, is the felf fame which is the greater part of that which we call drijlotle's* Several books , with the fame title, of Diogenes of Babylon, or, as he is more rightly called, otSeleucia, are remembred likewife by f Athen<eus , as J #iP«*fo4 alfo one written by Metrodorits in s Laertius. And Philo the g '» ty****; Jew hath left one whole to us , wep< 'Eoyneut* , or of Gentry j
b 2 though
The Preface.
though all the other ( faving the fragments we fpeak of) be utterly and long fince loft. And althugh thefe wrote as Philofophers, and fo fpent much of whairhey faid doubtlefs upon Natural and Moral Nobility , or o that which was as proportionable to what in the later tims we call Nobilitas Chriftiana, as the height of Virtue, in Pganifme, could be to the beft excrcife of Religion; yet there an be no queftion but that they handled alfoC wilNobilit or Gentry, which is part of our Subject here, and by the Aademiqnes or Pla- uniques and the Peripatetiqnes wasfpecial/ reckoned among External things that are good , and by tfa Stoichj , among fuch as are Indiferent only . And I cann* imagine that any expreflion doth more fummarily denote bth their concepti- ons of Gentry , as alfo the eftimation tkt it had in their Civil confederations , than that quadripnite diviflon of it in the School of Plato. StaipwQ £ 'eu^W* «» «to tct]*^' t » (mi
th am 01 v/fo^m )&Xol K&yctQoi *, SUoqoi * TVS ex, iton yvytnlMtys , evytms <p«.cni «£) " *Mo <&, la.v «<nv oj ^zs^yvoi <rfc<iW<?ewcoT! $ ap^VTM y tfmftfioi' TVs tfc t«t«» bl/yems (paw e^j. AMo <»>, e«tv «aiv oj twyioi ovofoxsoj oi'ov ^jra spc.WaSj "£m viVcui'ttneLwm' % $w$h'fti'anyytiviH£m&yau$ <ta&- cufofujofjuet. "AMo «<Jb£, e*v earros «ns » yevvdu/l«4 '» 4°^t«/ £ (uyxXl-\>v- vo5, $ tVtov euyevvi (pawfv * $ ttTs yi (by&ua; aum ■ksiovw ' tm i a.^. Euytvw et4 70 /igv, "^m n8£3y>w>yi''Qn\yjus)i'Tofo J^uxjix.<it»i-i to t o*<Tb^aVjTB cSWjni t^s wfo w\ox.a.yz.Qia4)Nobility or Gentry is dividd into four Kinds, Such as are born of good and jutt Parent, they call Noble. If the Parents be Men of Power or Governtirs, their children alfo they call Noble. Thofe alfo we- call N<ble , whofe Ance- stors had honour either from command in he Wars, or from any of thofe Games wherein Crowns wen awards to the Vi- Bors. Audlaflly , him alfo they Call Noble hat hath his own inbred dignity and greatnefl of Spirit. 0] all which, this is the beB kind of Nobility. So that Nobility >ath its ground ei~ ther from Anceflors eminent for Juftice, oycrom fuch as were powerful, or from thofe that had that (othr) glory, or from a mans own worth. And, what is much t< this purpofe you have in obvious pieces of fome of their Vorks that remain under other Titles to this day. But for vty many Ages af- terward, and until about CCC. years fince I remember not any Au thors (except the Collectors of thcGo^which are to be accounted among the Conftitutionsof former time * and that of Caffiodor his Formuh , which re a piece of Hi-
ftory)
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The Preface.
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tfory) that have le: any Trcatifes titled either of Gentry or of any other parts >f the prcfent fubjecT. Bartol, that great Lawyer ("who flori/hed about MGCCXL of our Saviour ) wrote fomething >f Arms and Gentry, which is extant a- mong his works. And flncc him very many , but not any till long after him.have written not only de Nobilitate but of other Titles the ufe to be fuperadded to it, and that as well in whole boos with Titles that profefsasmuch,asalfo, by the way,inothc Treatifes, both which kinds we have di- ligently 11 fed here
Under Hiftorie j I comprehend here not only the Nume- rous ftoreof Hiftores and Annals of ieveral States and Ages, wherein the Aelias of them are put together in fome con- tinued difcourfc c thred of time, but thofe alfo that other- wife, being writtci for fome narrow particulars, and fome- times under other ames, fo fhew us in example what was done in ereBing i| granting or otherwifc, concerning the Titles here mcdle with, that we may thence extra ft what conduces to the eprefentation of the Forms and fatents of EreBions and irants and of the Circnmftanees and JV<*- ture of the Being -f them. As that of hugnftin deFa-z, of the houfe of Bresgne, thofe of Andre dn Chefne of the Houfcs of Monttorehcy , Cbaftillon, and others ; of John Scboier o£ the hote of Croy , Francifcus Modim his Pan- deB^Triitmphale^ the Nobiliariogenealogico de los Reyes y titnlos de Efpajmawrittcn by Ahnfo Lopez, de Haro^nd the like, together win the Codex P iarnm Donationum and the Diplomata BelgiccO? Anbertm Mirxus Dean of Antwerp? , andfuchmorc. >ut ofthiskind, which ispublickin print, I have for the mc: part fupplied my felf with whole Forms of the Emperors Kingr, and others Charters or Patents •wherein the very flenceofrnoft of our Subordinate Titles confifts. I mean or Forreign Nations , whofe Records in- deed or publick Als have in good Meafure, for this purpofc, been by thofe andhe like Writers communicated to us who, living at home on/, cannot have accefs to them. And for the Forms and Orations in the>dcclining time of the Em- pire, Cafpodor an* the Notitia ntrinfqiie Provincix gave me beft li^ht. But f-r Titles erefted or granted by the Kings of England and Hand ■■> the Records or Pxolls themfelves of :the Chancefie c iglattd fufflciently enough ftoredme with
b 3 whole
• i
The Preface.
though all the other ( faving the fragments we fpeak of) be utterly and long fince loft. And although thefe wrote as Philofophers, and fo fpent much of what they faid doubtlefs upon Natural and Moral Nobility , or on that which was as proportionable to what in the later times we call Nobilitas Chriftiana, as the height of Virtue, in Paganifme, could be to the beft excrcife of Religion; yet there can be no queftion but that they handled alfo Civil Nobility or Gentry , which is part of our Subject here, and by the Academiqnes or Pla- toniques and the Peripatetiques wasfpecially reckoned among External things that are good, and by the Stoic \s , among fuch as are Indifferent only . And I cannot imagine that any expreflion doth more fummarily denote both their concepti- ons of Gentry , as alfo the eftimation that it had in their Civil confiderations , than that quadripartite divifion of it in the School of Plato. JienpaQ « 'Eu^W* «* «^i T^ae*" e» <ttg» !<£v am oi "Ofoym )&Ml KctyaQo) 59 ^'jtoqoJ ' TV s ex. TV raj yiyin(Miys y evytms <pa.mi7i) ' *Mo A, laV ami 01 >zs&y>ni eftJWTBweoTW & cL^vns ytfmfteioi' rJslx.rtnaiQj'yims^xov'il). "Amo^Uv »cnv o< TH^fym ovo^cotgoj ow^ra
(ja/bpst/o^J. "AtXo at<ft?j lav 0070s TJS » ymn.J^ae, rlu* -\uylui £ (wyx.Xo-\>v- vo«, ^ TV7By euye?>J patrfv * ^ ths >« (hy&ua; ojjta hjcltiw ' *m i Lgy. Euyau- 014 to put?, "^ro 'Q^jpyay '^T^icaVjTB"^ JWet<?av, 70 <& ci^ay, to cTfe^Trs ttTs aJJy y&MKcLyo&ax^Nobility or Gentry is divided into four Kinds. Such as are born of good and juH Parents? they call Noble. If the Parents be Men of Power or Governours, their children alfo they call Noble. Thofe alfo we- call Noble , whofc Ance- stors had honour either from command in the Wars-, or from any of thofe Games wherein Crowns were rewards to the Vi- Bors. Audlaflly , him alfo they Call Noble that hath his own inbred dignity and greatneft of Spirit. Of all which , this is the bctt hjndof Nobility. So that Nobility hath its ground ei- ther from Ancejiors eminent for Juftice, or from fuch as were powerful, or from thofe that had that (other) glory, or from a mans own worth. And, what is much to this purpofe you have in obvious pieces of fome of their Works that remain under other Titles to this day. But for very many Ages af- terward, and until about CCC. years fince , I remember noc any Authors (except the Collectors of the Go^which are to be accounted among the Conftitutions of former time } and that of Cajpodor his Formula, which are a piece of Hi-
ftory)
The Preface.
&ory) that have left any Treatites titled either of Gentry or of any other parts of the prefent fub ject. Bartol, that great Lawyer Cwho flouri/hed about MCCCXL of our Saviour ) wrote fomething of Arms and Gentry, which is extant a- mong his works. And fince him very rnany , but not any till long after him, have written not only de Nobilitate but of other Titles that ufe to be fuperadded to it, and that as well in whole books with Titles that profefs as much,as alio, by the way,in other Treatifcs, both which kinds we have di- ligently uled here.
Under Hijlories, I comprehend here not only the Nume- rous ftoreof Hijloriesand Annals of ieveral States and Ages, wherein the Actions of them are put together in fome con- tinued difcourfc or thred of time, but thofe alfo that other- wife, being written for fome narrow particulars, and fome- times under other names, fo fhewus in example what was done in ere&ing or granting or otherwife, concerning the Titles here medled with, that we may thence extract: what conduces to the reprefentation of the Forms and Patents of Erections and Grants and of the Circumjlanees and Na- ture of the Being of them. As that of Auguftin deFaz. of the houfe of Bretagne, thofe of Andre dit Chef fie of the Houfes of Montmorency , Chajiillon, and others ; of John Scboier of the houfe of Croy , Francifcus Modim his Pan- deBrf Triumphales, theNobiliario genealogico de los Reyesy titnlos de Efpanna written by Ahnfo Lopez, de H around the like, together with the Codex P iarnm Donation-am and the Diplomat a, Belgicd of Aubertm Mir<ens Dean of Antwerpe , and fuch more. Out of this kind, which is publick in print, I have for the rnoft part fupplied my felf with whole Forms of the Emperors , Kings, and others Charters or Patents wherein the very eflenceofmolt. of our Subordinate Titles confifts. I mean for Forreign Nations 5 whofe Records in- deed or publick AcTs have in good Meafure, for this purpofe, been by thofe and the like Writers communicated to us who, living at home only, cannot have accefs to them. And for the Forms and Creations in the [declining time of the Em- pire7 Caffiodor and the N ot it i a ntr in fjue Provincix gave me bell light. But for Titles erected or granted by the Kings of England and Ireland ; the Records or Pxolls themfelves of the Chancefie o£ England [anciently enough ftoredme with
b 3 whole
The Preface.
whole Forms of the Charters or Patents of them , though withal, fome teftimonies concerning thofeof Ireland! have received out of the Records of that Kingdom alfo. ^ With thofc Records or Rolls of the Chancery, I have ufed alfo fuch as give help herein the Treafuries of the Exchequer , befides the Regiftcrsot the Vicar General of the Archbiihop of Canterbury, fomeofthc Bifhoprick ottVinchefter, divers Original Charters, with many other fuch pieces and paflages, afwell in Vcrft as Profe, as are to be reckoned for Hiftory or among the parts of it, and of neceflary ufe in the fearch of it j though they bear other Titles, and are too much ne- e;lecled chiefly by Compilers of Annals and Hiftory, who for the moft part feek no other Materials or helps than what obvious Volumes that bear but fuch kind of Names as their own mall, can eafily afford them.
Thofe Confutations and cuftoms of fevcral States and Ages, that is, the Laws of them, partly are had out of thofe Autors ofTrealifes and FMftories before fpoken of, but principally out of Volumes that purpolely contain them. As out of Jh- ftinians Body of the Lawcs, Theodofim his Code, and the Conftitutions joyned ufually with either of them, the Volumes of the Imperial Constitutions of tlie French and German Em- pires, the Co lex Legum Antiquarnm, the Bullary of the See of Rome,the Coumels, Rituals and Ceremonials as well of the Eafterm.s the WeftemChurch,the Conftitutions and Cuftoms of Naples and Sicily, and fome other that belong to fome States that are or have been in later ages parts of the Empire-, out of the Partidas and Recopilacions and Pragmaticds, of ca- fiile, the Ordinances of Portugal, Navarre and fuch more, the EdiBs and Ordinances, and the Cujinmier of France, the Sta- tutes of Scotland and Ireland, and the Statutes and Cuftoms of England, befides divers Decisions that more peculiarly and refpeclively belong to thofe Nations. Partly alfo they were had out of fome Obfcrvations communicated through the courtefie of Friends, who are in their due places acknow- ledged. And plainly, in all this kind of Learning, concer- ning either things or perfons, as they are a part of any State, there is nothing more conduces to a right judgment than the careful examination of Conftitutions and Cuftoms, their received Interpretations and their Force, in the State and Age of which any Civil difquifition is raifed. For they are the
very
The Preface.
very Compafs to direft in all Judicial proceedings ; and of fingular ufe alfo in whatfoever is Deliberative. The Ne- ceflity and Excellency of them in Civil Learning, is mani- festly exampled in thecourfe which both that great Mafter of Wit and Art, and his ScholhrTheophraftuSj u fed in their getting and teaching what they knew of it. The Mafter well coniidering it would be a vanity to feck for or ftrive to raife, as fouie before him had done, fuch precepts or knowledge of it, as mould be fit for general inftrufrion to pofterity, either out of his own fancy, how excellent foever,or out of the pat- tern of his own or any other (ingle State how well foever framed or governed Cfor that which may be moft Conveni- ent or juft in one State, may be as Injuft and Inconvenient in another*, and yet both excellently as well framed as go- verned j and it is moft obfervable that Plato, as haertim fays of him, TTDArreixs (in -ov^ %-^a.lo , x>toj 'Mhmx.ui ai % at ye^a.pet 3 <xj- *]i&v J\) 75 ij\n 7o» «fl>)^ov aMsiS ircXiTbufiToi evfciG/cQ^, medled with no ptiblique employment, though he were made alfo for Civil bufiaefs, as appeares by what he hath written j but the caufe was-, for that the Cufkoms of the State were wholly different from his learning) provides firft, for his principal Materials, thefeveral Frames, Conftitutions,aud Cuftoms of the States that then flout ifhed as well in Greece as in other parts of the World that were known to him. For he wrote one Volume titled h N&i^a Bctf&ie^A or the Lawes of fuch States as were for- ung.Lat.nL rein to Greece. And the body of the greateft work he made £*■»$!£ of this kind he called noAiJuoui'/nXtaiov the Frames or Forms ■'••*•"• of feveral States, or ownyn&oui mMluaji, fever al States collcSi- ed, as his own words are at the end of his Ethicks where he proferTeth his having this provifion. And therein he repre- fented CLVM feveral Common Wealths (Gmlielmus BurU- wj-faysCLX) fome Popular, fome Oligarchical, Come Op- timacies, fome Monarchies, with the various mixtures of thefe. And out of this he often cites in his Politicks;as alfo Julius Pollux doth fometimes, Ha rpocration , Athen<£m , the Scholiafts of ApoUonim Rhodius, and of Vindar, Clemens A- lexandrinm, and fome other of the Antients. Other works he made of the fame materials, as his A^owm -mAwi, or Courfes of JuHice of feveral States, in two books, his four books of juHicc3 as many of Laws, and fome fuch more. And being furniflied with the Volumes of thefe ("which are
loft
The Preface.
loft and long fince have been fo) he wrote his Politicly that are read in the Schools and arc the chief text by which we are all firft bred to Civil Knowlcdge.Lbeophraffus following hisMafters example collected alfo out of the Conftitutions and Cuftoms of feveralftates, four books ttoXiWv iyZi, or of Civil Ctt&oms and Manners, and then wrote much alio both of Laws and Policy. All which Cicero in his fifth cle Yinibns fhortly comprehends in that of them both ; Omnium ferd Civ it at urn, non Grxc'ix folum, fed etiam Barbaric, ab /^riftotele, Moresjnftituta &> Difciplinas j a Theophrafto Leges etiam cognovimus. Thence was it alfo that Demetrius, fcholJar to Tbcophraff/ts collected his five books «&i t«s dS*- not iof<oWet«, or of the coitrfe of makjng Laws in Athens, and Dionyfius Mctatbemenos, a Volume t&t BctpCxeaS* e6«y,or of the cn^oms of Nations tbat were forreinto Greece, and Ue- raclides,hiS7nXi1uoui,or the Forms of feveral fates, fome flight Fragments whereof are extant to this day and publick. And according to thefe they formed the precepts and dire- ctions of their Civil Learning, betwixt which and themul- tiplied variety of it in the fucceeding ages and the prefent ('wherein the Faces and Frames of government, and of conftitutions and cuftoms, are often doubtlefs as different from all thofe which they knew, as any of them were then one from another ) though much analogy be in fome parti- culars , yet plainly the phrafes and Notions concerning JuH or 'Vnjuft, and Convenient or Inconvenient, in thofe and the like precepts and directions of Philofophers or o- thers that only out of ages and ftates pa ft or precepts or directions taken out of them , feek any of this kind of Learning, are often fo difproportionate to what they are ap- plyed in Dilquifitions concerning fuch ftates as are wholly of another mould or frame, that it cannot be doubted but that if any of thofe great writers of Greece were now living again, they would in recognizing and fitting their Politick^ to prefent ufe, firft inform themfelves of the feveral Faces and Forms of Government, and the Conftitutions and Cu- ftoms of the prefent ages (as they did of their own times)and of their Grounds and Reafons, and according to them make Inftaurationsof divers of their precepts and directions, no otherwife than they would new examine the lame Aftrono- my of their ages with the later obfervations of Ptolemy, Co- pernicus,
The Preface.
pernicus, Tycho, Galileos-, Kepler^ and fuch more, or their learning of Generation, Corruption, Digeftion, Tranfmuta- tion and other like by the iater experiments of Chymiques. And it was long fince complained of by that great Friar, Ro- ger Bacon, to Pope Clement the Fourth, that the right ftudy of that part of Moral philofophy, or of Civil learning, which depended on the variety of Laws,and feveral Forms of State, according to that example of AriHotle and Theophra- jltts, were wholly omitted in the Schools. And that fuch knowledge as was had of it, was only had laicaliter, or ac- cording as any might take confideration of the Laws and Cu- ftoms and the changes 'of them in the particular States only where he lived, either for Practice, or Obedience, or both; but not pbilofophice, or in fuch fort as that by comparing the manifold variety of feveral States and times (as we find them fince thofe Grecians wrote J juft precepts or directions might be doclrinally delivered concerning them. Secunda pars Moralis Fbilofophi* ( fo are i his words- the flr/t part of '» °p£re **>*** Moral philofophy, he makes to concern Divine Wor/hip, the g*ao. mI third, Vertuesand Vices 5 the fourth, the diftin&ion of feds of Religion ; the fifth, the propagation of the beft; and the fixth and laft, the right way of practice in Courts of JufriceJ dat Leges publicas, <&» primo de Cultu Dzvino, &* deinde de Re gimme Weipublicx <&> Civitatibus &Regnis ; &> fnb hac parte continetur Jus Civile Imperatorum &> Regum per uni- verfum Mundum. Et mnlti tradiderunt mult a de hac parte. Sed Ariftoteles & ejus difcipulus Theophraftus omnia com- pleverunt, ut dicit Marcus Tullius quinto Academicamm li- bro (plainly he meant quint o deFinibus) &> ab hijs habuc- runt omnes Latini omnes Leges princzpaliter; quanquam leges XII Tabularum fuerunt tranferiptx ex diBis Solonis Atheni- enfis. Sed addendum eU, quod h#c pars Fhilofophite non eH apud Latinorum ufum nifi laicaliter^ fecund um quod Imperato- res & Reges jiatnerunt. Nam Philofophice, fecundkm quod tradita eH ab Ariftotele ^n Theophrafto, non e& h&c pars in ufu Latinorum. By Latini he means here, as in his Specula Mathematica alfo, and divers other parts of his Works, the Univerfities or Schools of the Weftern Church of that ?ge, not fo much becaufe indeed the Greeks of thofe times, and fince, often ftile us not only Frankj but alfo Latins ("as ap- pears obvioufly in their Oriental ftories^) as becaufe the
Works
The Preface.
Works of Arijiotle, Galen, Euclide, Vtolemy, andfuch more which in the Schools they then ufually read , were only in Latine, and tranflated, not from Greek, but from the Ara- biqne of the Arabians or Saracens, among whom, in Afrique and Spain , the Arts principally flourifhed about D. years fincc. And I remember I faw once in fome Authour of the Ages wherein the We/tern Chriftians began as it were a Trade with the Saracens for fuch Learning, the name ofStu- dia Saracenorum given to the ftudies of natural Philofophy and the Arts. So that Latini here are oppofed to Saraceni or Arabes.
Of thofe Writers of parts of the SubjeSi, thofe Hifiories, and thole ConUitntions andQtfloms, the moft are publique in Print; yet very many, only Manufcripts. For the printed; there needs no further admonition. But for the Manuscripts, which, are either Bookj or Chart ers^nd other like Injimments in Libraries or Private bands , or in Rolls or Records kept in the treafuries or Offices of Courts of Juftice ; they are all noted, as likewife the printed are in the margine, eand to what they are cited. To thofe Manufcripts of the ^firft kind, moll: commonly is added, in whole hands they remain, or out of what Library , or whence or where I had the ufe of them. But the moft and chiefeft of them I ufed long fince by the moft Noble courtefie of my dear Friend Sir Robert Cotton , a man that was incomparable , as well in the communicative bounty , as in the excellence of Civil obfer- vation and Knowledge. Neither had I by his favour the ufe only of that incftimable Library of his Induftrious, Ju- dicious, and moft Chargeable Collection, but of fome Manufcripts alfo , that being fometimes lent only to his hand , were returned to their Owners by him. Divers I had from other hands , and in other places. And fome are of mine own too. Often therefore the Margine cites Manu- fcripts exprcfly out of that Library , and fometimes out of fome other hands ; and Ms. fometimes is only put in the Margine without any addition of the place where it re- mains. But where ever that only occurrs (o, or any other Manufcript is mentioned without other circumftance in one place or other, to denote where it is , it means either that it is mine Own , or elfe that it was of them that being ufed from his hand were either reftored to their Owners , or
were
The Preface.
were fuch, as I was not fare at the time of the writing,whe- ther he had made them part of that Library or no. For the reft of this kind } the Band, Library , or other place that furniih'd me , is noted with them. With thofe of the Second kind , the places where they are kept are rarely noted. Out of their own Nature , it is known to men that are acquainted with Records , where they are. The Forms of Patents or Charters of Creation , and the like are inferted at large in the Tongues we find them \ as Latine, French, Spanijh. So are (ome Ceremonials of Coronations and Creations , and the Spanijh Vragmatica concerning Pre- cedence , and the Attributes to be given in the AbftracT or Concrete to Perfons of Honour ; and that without Trattfla- tions. And fo is alfo whatfoever is elfe cited in Latine^ French , Spani/h or Italian. For , either the Difconrfe in Englijh that accompanies it , fufficiently fupplies a TranJIa- tion , or elfe the Matter or Language is fuch that a fit Pveader , affifted with that Difcourfe , may without diffi- culty under/land it. For I expec"r not here a Reader with- out fome fuch meafure of Knowledge , as is ufually had by Liberal Education. And that of Lncilim in the Front of the firft Edition fpeaks the mind of this alfo ; Perfwmnon euro legcre , L<elinm Decimnm volo. As it fears not what height foever the Readers Learning be at , fo it requires one raited , at leaft , above a fordid Ignorance- The Co- py , by reafon of fome inevitable Occurrences , hath been fo long at the Prefs, and delayed there, and is now at length publifhedfo long after the time it was ready for it, that thence alone we doubt not but to be excufed where- foeverany man, that hath, flnce the finifliing it , had ac- ceffion of any other Title or Attribute to be ufed with his Name, than we could thenufe to him , is here mentioned without it. To have altered that now, had been much more- trouble, than the moment of it is worth. The Particu- lars that we meddle with by Difcourfe , are Faithfully , Diligently , and Freely enough alfo handled. But it is true , that fome particulars concerning the Titles here handled , are wholly pretermitted 3 and fome are touched only remijfive , as the Lawyers call it. The Reafon s whence that proceeded are fometimes expreifed j And where they are not exprelTed , a difcreet Reader may with- out
The Preface.
out difficulty guefs at them. And for any other , I had ra- ther he mould tax me for it, than receive further fatisfa- #ion here concerning it. Divers things are difputed here againft fome publifht Opinions of other Writers , and that as well of great Worth as Name ; but without the ambiti- on of naming them or making a perfonal quarrel in Print, which is often but a bufie vanity of hours that might be ea- fily better employed. My own part , I prefume , is fo well maintained and cleared, that the Reafons and Autho- rities which Strengthen it , fufficiently confute Adverfe O- pinions , without muftering their Authours together. Something alfoof fome Forrcign Countries that might be expccled under the Title , have no place here } becaufe my ftore of Materials , however none of the flendereft , was not furnifhed with them. It was fit here to trouble you with thus much , Reader ; and fo I leave you to the life of it.
Tk
The Heads of the Chapters
Of the First Part. Chap. I.
HePmpoCe and Difpofition of the whole wor^ page f
2. The twofold Original, of th"e fupreme . Titles ^'of "King and Em-
*- PerOUr' • po
3. Of the firft Kings which , tn antient fiory, are attributed to the
time before the Floud.
P-4
4. Of the firft King and propagation of Kingdoms after the Flood, p.6
Chap. H.
1. King a nd Emperor. What Emperor denoted,, and how the Title wasufed. p.jl
2. The hate in Rome to the name of Rex, and how their Emperors abjlain'dfrom it. Their Title of Princeps. p> 1 2
3. At lengthy others called them Kings, but they wrote themfelves only Emperors, until the ufeoj Bafileus,0r King, and Emperor, grew promis- cuous in the Greek exprefions of their title. v. 12
4. Differences between the Emperors of the Eaft and Weft, about the titles of Bafileus, and Rex, and Emperor. p r .
5. The Title of Emperor given to the Kings of EngIand,France,Spain, the great Duke of 'Mofcovy, the Grand Signior, Prefterjohn. p. 17
6. The Supremacy of thofe and other Kings free from the fubje&i- on of the Empire of Rome againji the common, but ridiculous opinion of many Civilians. p. 10
Chap. III.
1. Of the Title of King, as it is Subordinate in Subjeft-Princes, with fonte particulars of the Kingdom of the Illc of Man. p.,2 2
2. The Title of King of Kings, and Great King, with the old Ceremo- ny of giving Earth and Water injiead of Homage. p. 2 7
c 3. of
The Contents
3 Offolemn killing the Feet, Hands or Upsrf Sterne Princes, and of Adoration. P'3°
Chap. IV.
i Of the Title o/Dominus or Lord given to great Princes, hut aljo communicated to Subjects of the greater rank. Senior, Xeque or Cheque, and the like. fetf
2. The Kings of 'England antiently called only Lords or Ireland. The deduBion and change of that Title. P-37
3. The attribute of the name of God to Supreme Princes, and Swearing by them and by their Genius. Divinitas noftra, and iEternitas noftra3<W the like ufcd by them j with the antient ufe in the Eajiern parts of having the name of a Deitie in their Names. p.42
Chap. V.
1. Of the Titles of Caefar and Auguftus in the Stile of the Roman or German Emperors ■■> and how they have been given to fome other Princes. The honorary denominations of the Roman Emperors by other Countries.
p.46
2. The antientufe of titling whole races of Kings by one name injuch fort as the Emperors are known by the Title of Cxfar. The afjfe&ation of
the Names of Antonin in the Roman, and Conftantine in the Greek Em- pire. • P-5°
3. Moft Chriftian King, in the Stile of the King of France. p. 5 2
4. Defender of the Faith, -when and how given to the Kings of Eng- land. Defender of the Church attributed to the Emperour. The ti- tle of Supreme Head of the Church, which began in Henry the Eighth.
P-55
5. Catholick, in the King of Spain's ft ile. p. 5^
6. The Title of Porphyrogennetus in the Euftern Empire. And the Emperor of Mofcovy called White King or White Emperour.
p. 6c
Chap. VI.
1. Prefter John or Precious John attributed to the Emperor of /Ethi- opia, or of the Abyflins. The Title of Padifcha Preftigiani in fome old Kings or Chams, of the Territory of Cathay. p.63
2. Chan (that zr, Lord or Prince) in the Eaftern parts, which we com- monly call Cham. p.65
3. The Title of Chaliph in the Princes of the Mahumedan Empires.
p.67
4. Bench or Beg, Seriph or Xariffe, Sultan, Mi>« A^nV , Mully, Sid, Amir, Amirelmumnin and Padefchah Mufulmin among the Mahume- dans. ■ p,5^
5. Soph'iattributedto ftaPerfian Emperor. p ;*-
6. Scha^ Shaugh or Xa, andM'nza. in the Ealiern States. 2** in fome Greek Writers. p _7
i* •« 7. Schahana
of the Chapters.
7. Schahana, with the Titles of Augufta San&iflima Domina noftra &C. given to Emprefles. And the Original of the Englilh name <^*Queenj with that Law of the Weft Saxons, which denied the Kings wives here the name of Queens. P7&
Chap. VII.
(.
1. The plural Number, in the attributes given to One only, for a. mark, of great nef. Hove that is communicated to Inferiors. The calling ^Superi- ors or Inferiors by their Names. p.87
2. Dei gratia, or By the Grace of God, in the fiiles of Supreme Princes 3 and how communicated, by ufe, to fuchas are of a fubordinate di- gnity. p.89
3. Majefty in the attributes of Supreme Princes. The ufe of it de- duced into the Roman Empire. The ufe of the Appellation of per f on s by Abftra&s. Majefty how expreffed and ufed in the Eaftern Empire 5 and Sacred Majefty. Majefty, and Grace, attributed to the Kings of England. p.94
4. The attributes of High and Mighty, Moft Excellent, Illuftris, Su- per-illuftris, with divers other fuch. The pompous fiiles of the Greek and Mahumedan Emperors. p.99
Chap. VIII.
9
1. Of Annointing of Kings and Emperors j andthe ufe of it infeveral Kingdoms. P-io7
2. The ufe of Crowns, as o/Enfigns of Royal dignity. Of the Dia- dem ofantient time 5 and how Crowns of Gold came into ufe among Chriftian Kings. p. 120
3. Of a Scepter , and the Globe with the Crofs infix 'd on it.
4. The Inauguration offome Supreme Princes that ufe no Crowns.
. , ^ . P-I44
5. Some Ceremonials of Coronation. p,i48
$, A Corollary touching Precedence between Supreme Princes p,307
C 2
Tfe
The Heads of the Chapters
Of the Second Tart. Chap. I.
I# /""\F the fever al Titles that the heir or Succeflbr apparant of the V^J Empire hath had Jince the beginning of the Roman Monarchy^ andjirjl of Princeps Juventutis. p. 2 24
2. T&e beginning and continuance of the Title ofCxfox by it f elf , for the heir apparant or Succeflbr of the Empire. ibid.
2. The Creations and Enftgns of the Gofers, that were Snccejfors appa- rant j andfomething of their power. p.227
4. 0/ *Ae tr#fei or Attributes of Princeps Juventutis; and Nobilifumus given to thofe Cxfors. p.232
5. The fever al dignity fl/^Nobiliffimus, which was beneath a Caefar.
p.224
6. Of the change of this Title of Cx{av in the Eafitm Empire -, and of the Titles 0/Sebaftocrator and Defpote there. p. 2 3 5
7. Tk 7V*/e.r of King of Italy, King of German^, and King of the Romans, in the Succeffors apparant of the Wejtern Empire. P-239
8. The Titles of Comes and Dux; at I the Rank; of the Comites as they are Honorary or officiary or both in the elder Empire. p. 2 40
9. A form of the Letters of Creation of a Count of the firft rank a- bout five hundred years after our Saviour. P-247
10 A form of the Letters of Creation of a Count 'of the firft r&nk,that was alfo Confiftorian. p. 2 48
11. The form of the Letters of Creation of a chief Comes Sacrarum Largitionum. P-249
12. Of a Comes rerum Pr ivatarum. p. 2 5 2
13. Oj a Comes Patrimonii. p.255
14. Of a Comes Archiatrorum. p.255
1 5 . Of a Count of a Vrovince. p .2 5 7
16. Of the ■Count of Syracufe. p. 2 58
1 7. of the Count of Naples. ibid.
18. Of a Count of the Cecondrsivik for government of Cities. p.260 10. Oj the Gothique Count for hearing and determining the caufes
of the Gothes. p.261
20. A Form of the Letters that made a Duke of a Province,
P-262
21. Of the Enftgns of Dukes and Counts of the old Empire 5 and the officers that were either under them, or mix'd with them, or fu. periour to them in government. And efpecially the Camfons , £>.
of the Chapters.
figns ufed, and Government and Officers employed in the State of this In- land of Britain, when it had two Counts and a Duke under the old Ro- man Empire, p. 2 63.
22. The opinion of fame that derive the dignities of Comes and Dux, out of the old cujloms of Germany. p. 2 7 2
23. Of the beginning 0/Feuds } and how the dignity of Count and Duke camefirfi to be Feudal and Hereditary in the Empire. P>273
24. O/Feudal Dukes in the Empire, and ofthejpecial number of Four in the dignities there. P-277
25. Of the antient courfe of Inveftiture of Dukes and other Princes of the Empire by Banners^ and of Scepters fometimes ufed in Feudal digni- ties to Ecclefiaftical Perfons. P-278
26. The Form of Creation or Inveftiture of Dukes inftituted by Pope Paul the Second. p.281
27- 0/ Ducal Enfigns, efpecially their Caps and Coronets. p.288
28. The form of the Letters of Creation of the firfi Duke of Auftria.
p. 2 89
29. The Form of the Letters of Creation, by which Jacques de Croy Bifiop of Cambray, was made Duke of Cambray. P-2?3
30. The Title of Archduke} and the Coronet of the Archduke 0/Auftria.
p.299
31. Great Duke} and the beginning of that in the Dukes of Florence by the Bull of Pius Quintus, with the Ceremonies ufed at the firft Creati- on of it. P-30I
32. Of the fever <d kinds of Graves and Counts } and firft of the ^Ctyfecljt d5?at)Cn3 orfuch as are commonly filled Graves or Counts toitk* out addition. p«3 1 *
33. Of Counts Palatin } and firft of the original of the Title of Palatin as it is Feudal. p.g r^
34. Of the Feudal title of Palatin in the French and German Empires.
p.316
35. Of the Counts Palatin of the Rhine P-3i8
36. Of the Perfonal Title of Count Palatin} And firft of fuch as ajfume the Title by reafon of twenty years profefiion of the Civil Laws.
p.319
37. Of fuch as are created perfonal Counts Palatin by Patents. And firll ofthefingular Title of Count Palatin charged withfervice in the La-
teran at the Emperor s Coronation at Rome. P-3 2 1
38. Of the Power that makes other perfonal Counts Palatin by Patent, reithfo much of a Bull of Pope Paul the third , as created tbe Referen- daries of the Court of Rome into this Title, befides other particulars of Papal power herein exercifed. And of the fever al Stiles and Names of fuch Counts. P-323
39. The Eftates limited in fuch Creations. p.326.
40. The Various Privileges ufually inferted in fuch Creations, with a re hole form of a Patent of Creation of fuch a Count Palatin made by Ro- dulph t he Second. And the reUraints of the Privileges of fuch Counts, by the Bulls of Pius the Fourth and the Fifth. p.^26
41. A DoCtor of Philofophy and Phyftcl^ made by fuch a Count Palatin.
332
42. The folemn giving the Lawrel to Poets, by fuch a Count Pa- latin. ibid,
€ 3 43. Ths
The Contents
lie original of giving the Crown of Lawrcl to Poets, and the ufe
of it iti the later ages. .< P-336
44 Of public^ Notaries made by fuch Counts Palatin, an example
„f po'rver delegated by one of them to the Trior of Winchester, to that
45* " Thcrcafon of the fever al deductions made of Count Palatini and ivhy the Feudal Title is derived out of the French Empire, and the Perfo- nal out of the old Empire of Rome. p-345
46. The -Title of Comes Sacri lmpem generally given without relation to any Feud or County. P«34°
47. The Title of Marquefs , <B£aKfcgtat)C , or Comes Limitaneus.
r.348
48. lauDtgrabPs^ Comes Provincialis. p.351
49. BtttggcaWs or Comes Caftrenfis. ibid.
50. ^iaiUoD. P-352
51. 0/ Barons <j»i their fever al names in the Empire, as ^Cmpct^
tfrei>en3ftej?t)eetn,dTtepet. and fuch more. p-353
52. Of the origination of the vpord2>aron. 7dH\M\tt\iZtt> P-354
53. The various ufe of the Title of Trince or $1X1$. P-35^
54. CljUtfUtft, w E/<?#w. p.360
55. Of Capitanei and Valvafores. ibid.
56. Of a^iXtZX, <&lit\fa&W?or <* dubbed Knight, and fir li of the peijonsy by the antient Law, capable of that dignity. P-3^1
57. 0/ */>e Privileges of fitch Knights in the Empire. p.362
58. The Origination of fich Knights. ibid.
59. The various Ceremonies ujed in giving thk Knighthood, p.
365
60. The Ceremonies ttfed at the Knighting of William Earl of Holland,
when he was chofen Emperor. p. 3 67
61* The Form of giving this order in the Pontificate Romanum.
p.369
62. Of the Terfons that give this dignity. P-373
63. Armiger or HDapCncr. P-374
64. Of Titles under Subordinate Princes in the Empire, had by Subin- feudation or otherrvife. P«3 7 5
6 5 . Afummary Enumeration of the States of the Empire. p. 3 7 $
Chap. II.
1 . Of the Titles in Swethland, and efpecially ofmahjng of Knights in thofe Wort I. ern parts. p# 0g0
2. The Creation and Inveftiture of a Duke/# Poland. p.384
3. The Inveftiture of a HUatbOfo by the King of Poland. Of the Title of TUaitJOD, of Palatinus there. And Boiari and Armigeri in Moldavia.
Of Barones in Poland, and Boy arones in Ley tow, and of other Title's in Poland. p 386
5. Of Titles in Hungary. i^88
6. Of thofe in Boheme. p 289
7 . The Titolati,^ Princes, Dukes, Marquefles, and Counts veith their Coronets,;* the Kingdom ^/Naples. The Title of Archduke once there.
P-390 8. The
of the Chapters.
8. The general and ditfintt Notion of the Title of Barons there,
p. 392
Chap. III.
1. The Title of Daulphin in France. Lc Roy Dauphin,filz aifne du Roy de France, And filz du Roy de France 5 And of the Titles of the younger fons. p. 397
2. Princes du fong, or Princes of the Blood. Prinaier Prince du iang, and the Monfieur, with their Chapletsw Coronets. p. 400
5. Other Titles of Princes, Verjonal and Feudal. The Title of Capi- tal, Capitalis, Capitaneus, or Capdaw. Of Coronets belonging to thefe.
p. 403.
4. The Feudal Title of Prince of Guyenne, given by King Edward the third of England, to Edward the Black Prince for life, and the Charter with the Kings explanation of it. Something of this Princes Go* vcrnment there, and the furrendcr of his interejl. p. 405.
5. Of the Officiary Titles of Dux and Comes, and when they became to be of F eudal Inheritance in France, with the Soveraignty that antiently accompanied fome of them. P-411
6. Of the Creation and Inveftiture of fome antient Dukes in France, by the Sword and Ducal Coronet 5 with fome ether principal Ceremonies at fuch Inveftitures. p. 4 1 3 .
7. The Form of the Creation of John Dnkg of Lancafter into the Title of Duke of Aquitaine in the VarUment of England under Richard the Second, and his Inveftiture by a Ducal Cap, and a Rod of Gold.
p. 420
8. Of the Coronets of Dukes of the later times in France, and the Forms of fome later Creations. p. 42 3
9. The Title of Count, as it hath been in the Comites Majores, and the promifcuous ufe of it with Duke •-, and the dittinft-ion of Duke as greater, from it. P«425
10. Comites Minores, or Counts of Inferior dignity to Dukes*
p.427
11. Of the Creation or Inveftiture of Counts 3 and of the Coronet belonging to them. p. 428
12. Forms of giving the Counties of Bolloign and Flanders, as Counties immediate to the Crown. p. 429
ig. The Form of giving the County of Bigorre /y Edward Prince of Aquitaine. p-432
14. Other antient and later Grants of the Honor of Count without mention of any Rite of Inveftiture. p. 433
15. Of the rite cf Girding on a Sword, mentioned in fome Charters of Creation of Counts in the Duchy of Nofmandy. p. 434
16. The Titular addition of Palatin, in France. p. 436.
17. Of the Peers of France 3 and a Form of Creation of a Pairrie.
P-437
18. MarquefTes 3 their antient and later Creations and their Cro wnet.
p.439.
19. Vifcounts;, the antient Creation of them, the feveral forts of them, and their Crownet. P-441
2c. The Original and Nature of Vidame*. P-445
21. Barons
The Contents
"~2i7"Barons •■> the general and p articular figniheation of the word and Title. Their Creation. Chaftellains. The Fillet, or Crownet of Ba- rons. . P- 44^
22. Summary Pofitions of Law, touching most of the French Feudal Dignities, out of the Code of Henry the Fourth. 450
23. Knights or Chevaliers and Knights Bannerets 3 with the Crea- tion of them. Of the right of bearing a Banner, or Arms in Drappean
quarre. P'451
24. Knights Bachelors; their Creation and the Deduction of their name, and the various ufe of Bachelor. Andfomething of their peculiar right of tiling Seals. p. 45 5
"25. Of Knights of the order of the Star 3 of Saint Michael 3 of the Holy Ghoft V of the Golden Fleece. p-459
26. Of Orders of Knighthood, of lefs note \ efpecial/y that of the fair Lady in the Green field, injiituted under Charles the fixth, by Met fier Boucicaut Marefchal of France. p.461
27. Of Eiquires there. p.463
Chap. IV.
1. Principe de lasAfturias, the Title of the Son and heir apparant of Spain. His Creation. Principe de Navarre, and deGirona. p.464
2. The ufe of Dux, and Comes, antiently in Spain. The title of Duke in Caftile, &c. with the Crown belonging to it, and the Form of the Letters of Creation. P-4^5
3. The Title of Marquefs there 3 the Patent of Creation of it, and of the Crownet belonging to it. P469
4. Condes 3 their Creation and Crownet. The Banner and Caldron at their Invejliture, antiently. Conde Palatino. P«473
5. Vizcondes. P«47^
6. The Title of Ricos Hombres, and their Invejliture by a Banner and a Cauldron or Pendon y Caldera alfo, as that of Condes. Grandes. Ba- rons, and Caftellans. P-477
7. The Cujiom of the Kings renewing the Titular name to the heirs of mofi of the great Dignities in Spain. P-473
8. Cavallerosde Efpuela dorada, or Knights of the Golden Spur. Their Creation, Pivileges, Degradation, out of Spanifh Writers. P-4-79
9. Cavalleros armados, and Cavalleros de alarde, o depremio, o de guerra, o quantiofos. p.48 1
10. Lares or Pragmaticas de las Cortefias, and bearing Coronets.
p.483
Chap. V.
1. Prince of Wales. Filius Regis primogenitus. Clyto. Etheling.
P-493
2. Of the two antient Titles of Earl and Baron in England 5 and
the names of Ealdorman or Earl, and Thane, ujed for the fame digni- ties in the ages before the coming of the Normans. Subregulus, Regu- lus Princeps, Dux Heptoja, Confal, Gep'Se, in thojc times. p.500
3. Of the pofleffions and profits belonging to the dignities of the
Saxon
of the Chaprers.
Saxon Ealdormen and Earls. Of their efiates in their Earldoms., and the Relief then payable at their deaths. P-509
4 The Pofieffions belonging to Thanes, or the Tainlands of that time : ana the Reliefs payable at the death vf Thanes. Of the Feudal Title of Vavafbr, which after the Normans expreffed the Middle Thane. p.5 1 5
5. Of the Jurilcli&ion that belonged to the dignities of the Saxon Eal- dormen or Earls, and Thanes, in the Territories which either denominated them, or were poffeffed by them. p.5 20
6. Of their Jurifdi&ion in the ricena^emocer. Great Councels or Par- laments of that time. P« 5 24
7. Of the Title of 'Earl after the coming of the Normans. Of the word Comes which exprejjes it -, and the fancy that antiently attributed the reafon of that Latin Title, to an Earls participating the third part of the profits of the County Court with the King. P-52 6
8. Of Earls and Counties Palatin. P-52Q
9. Of the Farms of the Charters of Creation of the Title of Earl Pala- tin. P-533
10. Earls, not Palatin, but Local. Of the feveral forms of Charters of their Creation. P-534
11. Of their Earldoms or Honorary pofleffions and Reliefs. p.5 5 2
12. Ofjomc tejiimonies that may fee m to prove that the antient Earls as Earls, had a general power of Government in their Counties. A jufi interpretation of thofe tejiimonies. P-557
13. Of the girding With the Sword, at the Inveftiture 0/Earls. And the antient ufe of it at Inveftitures, upon or after Liveries, or oufter le mains of Earldoms. P- 5 5 9 .
14. Of the Crownets of Earls. p.562
15. The perlbnal title of Earl. EarlMarfhal. And the perfonal Title of Earl Palatin antiently ufed in England. p, 5 54
16. The Title of Baron ufed here after the Normans. The various ttje of the word •■> And how, for the mojt part the Honorary Barons are cx~ prefjed without the addition of it. p. S 69
17. Of the Nature and Creation of Barons after the coming of the Normans, until about the later time of King John. Of the number of Knights Fees given by William the firji. P-57I
18. The tejiimonies that fhew the Temporal 'Barons and Baronies of that time ^ between the coming of the Normans and the later time of King John. And of their Reliefs . p. 5 74
19. The beginning of Spiritual Barons (as Barons by tenure) under William the ji'rji 5 and the tejiimonies that likewije fliew who they were in tie jame fpace of time. P.H'/T
20. The chief paff ages that mention both the Spiritual and Temporal together as having place andvo/cc in the Parlaments, or great Councels in that fpace of time. p. "J 80
21. Of the alteration that fell on the dignity of Barons and on Baro- nies about the end of King John. p.<;86
22. of Baronies and Barons by Tenure and Writ, and Barons by Writ only, after that time until about the middle of Richard the fecond. And firji of the form of the Writs of Summons of that time. P- 5 9 1
(.y the feveral kjnds of Perfons fummoned as Barons by thofe Writs; and moji cfpecially of the Regular Barons, as Abbots,andthe li^e. p. 596
24. Of dif charges of the dignity, given to fome Regular Barons, be- came they neither held by Barony, nor had their Predece/Jors been con-*
■jiantly
The Contents
fiautly called to Parlaments.. p.604
25. Of the Title of Banneret, in that notion wherein it is fometimes uf Cd as a Synonymy to Baron. p.608
26. Of i he common opinion that fuppofes a Barony to conjift of thirteen Knights Fees and a third part. p.6lO
27. Of the Title of Baron from the middle of Richard the fecond to i his day. And fir it of the form of the Writ of Summons that creates and calls Barons 5 and of the Regular Barons that were in that time.
p.615
28. Of Barons created by Patent, and the forms of the Patents of
Creation. P«°I7
29. Of the Title of Duke. The beginning of it j The Inveftiture,En- figns, and Patents of Creation. p.621
39. Marquefs. The firft Creation of that Title. The Inveftiture, En- figns and Patent of Creation. p.627
si. Vicount. The firft Creation of it. The Inveftiture, Enfigns and Patent of Creation. p. 630
32. A port Corollary of the Title of Peers of the Realm attributed to all thofe Parlamentary dignities. And fomething of their habits and ge- neral Titles given to them. And the Title of Earls and Lords attributed to fome that are not Veers. P-^34
33. The fever al notions of Knight, Miles, and Chivaler in England. A divifion of the honorary Title of Knight there 3 and firji <?/KnightS Bachilers, and of the quality of the perfons that have either Given or Received that dignity ff.6%6
34. Of the Courtly Ceremonies and circumjlances antiently and of late ufedin giving the dignity of a Knight Bachiler. P'^39
35. The facred Ceremonies ufed antiently at the giving the fame di- gnity. p.646
36. Of Aid to make the eldeft fon a Knight. P«^49
37. Refpedisof Honor both in the antienter and later times given to this dignity legally. p.650
38. Of the Degradation of a Knight Bachiler. P'^53 39.O/ Knights Bannerets. p.656
40. Of the Occafion and Time of the Inftitution of the Order of the Garter. P-^57
41 . Of S. George the Patron-Saint of that Order. The chief testimonies in the Eajiern parts, or in the Greek Church, concerning him. P-^59
42. The chief tejiimonies concerning him in the Weftern Church.
p.668
43. A consideration how he came to be taken for the Patron-Saint of the Englifh Nation, and of his Feaji day. P«^72
44. Of the figure ufually expreffing Saint George. P-^77
45. Of the Order of the Bath. p.678
46. The Title of Baronets. V-679
47. Of the Title of Efcjuire, p,687
Chap. VI.
1. Titles of Honor in Ireland. Of Earls both Palatin and others there.
p.603
2. Of Wicounii and Barons in Ireland. v.6q6
3- Of
of the Chapters.
3. Of other dignities there, and the antient form of Knighting ufed by the Iriih Kings. V-^97
Chap. VII.
1. Prince of Scotland ; Duke, Marquels, and Vicount or Procomes there. And the Inveftitures or folemn Creations of a Duke, Marquefs, tr Vifcount. p. 69 8
•2. Of the Title of Earl and Baron there, and of Thanes. The Invejti- tttre of Earls and Barons. p. 700
„ 3. The folemn Creation of Knights in Scotland. P«7o3
, Chap. VIII.
1. Of the Title of Gentleman, as it is abfolutely in common fpeech, or Nobilis. Gentlemen of blood. P-705
2. C5Delman5;ff£Cptoom SDel, ^E$el. Whence the name of Gentleman, Gentilhome, Gentilhuomo, Gentilhombre and Hydalgo are to be dedu- ced, p. 708
3. Of Creations of the Title of (CDcIman, Gentilhuomo, or Nobilis, by Codicilli Honorarii, Charters, or fuch instruments. Ennobling by the Pope. Creation by a kind of Adoption to a Family. V'7l&
4. The form of Ennobling in France by EdiU and Letters Patents, and of the like in Spain, remiffive. ?'7I9
5. Forms of ennobling or raifmg to the Jiate of a Gentleman, or Nobi- lis, by Patents in England. P»72 2
Chap. IX.
1. Of Feminine Titles 5 and of the Creation of a Ducheft, Marchionefe Counted, Vicountefs, and Baronefs in England P-724
2. Of the Communication of Titles of Honor to women, from their Hufbands, and of enjoying fome as Confequents only of their Hufbands or Parents. The title of Lady, or Domina. p.726
3. Of the heredi:a-y tranfmiffion of Titles of Honor to :Heirs of either fix. _ p.728
4. Of Tranfmiffion of them by Affignments or grants. P-73o
5. Tranfmiffion of them by the very pofleffion of the Feuds to which they have been annexed. ibid,
1. Honorary Attributes. And of Clariffimus and Illuftris efpecially in the antienter time of the Empire, or before Con^nime the great, p.732
2. Of Illuftris, Clariffimus, Spedrabilis, Perfectiffimus, *WEgregius, and their Abiiracfs, after the age of Conftantine. of Gloriofiffimus , and thofe that were Super Illuftres. The Abjira&s of Celfitudo, Magni- ficentia, Eminentia, and fuch more in the old Empire. P-734
3. Qf
The Contents &c.
3. Of fome fuch kind of Honorary Attributes in tb'e prefent States of Europe, and the great changes that time hath exercifed on fome of them,
p.738.
Chap. XL
1. Of Precedence in general 5 and more particularly of the Precedence 0f fome Officers], Dignities, and other qualities, in the oldjiatc of the
Jews. P-740
2. A fummary deftgnation of the Laves of the Empire, touching Place and
Precedence between Secular dignities. P-742
3. Of fome Laws and Decrees of like nature in fome other States; e/jpe. cially in England. And of Laws of Precedence between Ecclefiafiical
dignities. P'744
4. Of Lifts, Commentaries, or IxQai&stouchmg Precedence, p.755
5. Of particular Queftions and Decifions touching Precedence, p.754
TITLES
1 »■' mm nun
•
TITLES
HONOR
The Firfl Fart.
Chap. I.
I. The Purpofe and Difpofition of the whole wor^.
II. The twofold Original , of the Supreme Titles of King and Em- peror.
III. Of the fir ft Kings which, in antietit llory, are attributed to the time before the Flood.
IV. Of the firft King and propagation of Kingdoms after the Flood.
fjR-^&Slb^ Itles of Honour, being thofe Various Names of Greatnefs or Eminency, which are the moft di- ftinguifhing Titles of Civil dignity, are either Eccle(ia(lical or Temporal. The Temporal Titles of Honour (for we wholly omit all Ecclefiajli~ cal, as Ecclefiaftical ) are either Supreme of Subordinate. The Supreme are either belong- ing to Singular perfons in independent Monar- chies, as Emperour, King, and what elfe is fb Supreme according to the Cuftoms and Lan- guages of feveral Nations, or luch as in Popular States and Optima- cies are the Honouring titles of More in one Body, or of that Number which hath in it the Supreme Rule of the State. The Subordinate belonging to Singular Perfons ( thole that belong to more in one body we omit alio) are either fitch as are primarily Officiary, and only by
A Confequent
Titles of Honor. Chap. i.
Consequent of their Offices, Homurary, as Viceroy, Confiable, Chancel- lor Admiral PreftdenU and many other alfo of far lefs dignity 5 or fuch as arc Primarily Honour*) and have their Offices or power (where any belongs to them) rather confequential or annext to their Ho- nours, as the feveral titles of the Heirs or Succeffors apparent of Jupreme Princes, that of King OS it hath been attributed to jome Subjctis, Arch- duke. Great Duke, ^alfgtatje or Count Palattn, JUtlDtgrSfce, Prince, iMarquefs, Count or Earl, VicOHXt,$$'$fflX> Baron, Banneret and the reft of Temporal dignities to that of Gentleman or Nobilk ; or fuch as ex- prcls only Degrees of Learnings DocJor, Matter, Licentiate and the like. Thefe of the laft kind likewife wholly, and the firft that are primarily officiary we omit here 5 iaving where fometimes they conduce to the right underftanding of fuch as are primarily Honorary, which are only the Subject of the Work.
In the Handling of the Titles thus defigned for the Subject, we make two parts of the Work according to that divifion of Supreme and Subor- dinate. One for each of them. Yet fb,that the title of King, as it hath been fometimes given to fubjecls (excepted only that of King of Italy, King of Germany, or King of Romans, as it denotes only the apparent Suc- ceflor in the Empire ) is caftinto the First Part with the title of King which is Supreme. It was the eafier and clearer method to do (o. And all denomination being from what is moft or greateft,thc Fir si will 10 re- main proper enough to Supreme Titles.
Thus, the beginning of Supreme Kingdoms, or the frli King, the Ti- tles of King and Emperor, Queen, and Empref, the title of Lord and fuch like given as Ejjential and General to fupreme Princes, with that of a fubjeef King, have their place in the Firs! Part. But alfo, becaufe the moft of Supreme Princes have other names or Titles which are Ac- cidental or Particular to them, and alio Forms of fpeech and expreilion, and Ceremonies of Coronation, or Tnvejliture, with Enfigns proper, for the moft part, to Supreme Majefty, therefore alfb, thofe Accidental names, Forms of fpeech, and Ceremonies and Enfigns, with fbme other incident particulars touching their Honour, are likewife added. Acci- dental Names I call thofe of C<efar, femper Augutfus, or JLJ aHCH jcitCtl f3£et)jet toelj li\Cich# that is, always an increafer of his Empire, as it is in the Dutch titles ofthe Emperor, Lc Roy trcfchriliicn, ^efctlutt Of tt)C jff|itl); Catholique King, Amir Elmumenin, Presfer John (as wc common- ly call the Emperor of the Abajfins') Sop hi (for in the Supreme titles we take alfo thofe of the Mahumcdans') and the like , in the memory of which fome other of the elder times, as that of Pharaoh and Ptolemy in the Azgyptian Kings, Porphyrogcnnetm in the Greek Emperors, and fbme more of the fime nature are inferted. The Forms of fpeech, or expreffi- on, underftood here, are thofe of fpeaking in the plural number, that of the addition of By the Grace of God, and the Attributes of Majejly, Sere- nity, High and mighty, and the like. And under Ceremonies and Enfigns, are comprehended here, the Annointing,, the Crorvn,the Scepter, the Globe and Crofs with fome fuch more, that beft appear out ofthe Ceremonials of Inaugurationsfomc of which are tranferibed hither and others noted by direction to them.
In the Second Part, the Original, Continuance, and Bein^ of the Suc- ordinate Titles are handled, together with their Enfigns, lethal Forms of Creation, and fuch more. But fo, that what was thought fit to be faid here concerning the Title of Gentleman, is by it felf caffinto one Chap-
ter,
Chap. I. The Firft Fart.
ter, the reft being divided, for the moft part according to feveral States wherein they are too diforoportionate and incommensurable one to the other , to be well mixt together. But becaufe in the juft confideration of them we cannot but fall on fome Obfolete names of Dignity which were either the fame or very proportionate with fome of them, as alfo upon the Nature of Feuds or Noble Tenancies, out of which the greateft part oft hofe Dignities, as they are now in Europe, have been raifed, be- fides fome more general Attributes which the ftile either of Prefent or antient Cuftom hath given to them } therefore thofe Obfolete Names, the beginning and Nature of Feuds, and lomewhat of thofe more general At- tributes are alfo added. By the obfolete Names I underftand here thofe of Pr weeps Juventutk, Sebafiocrator, El'eling, Clyto, and flich like. And under the name of Attributes more general than fiich as denote this or that Dignity, I mean thofe additions of ClariJfimm,Spe&abilis,lIluflrk, SuperilluUrk , and fuch more. To thefe as Corollaries, at the end of each part we joyn fbmething of Place and Precedence. So much as may give good directions in queftions that may arife of it ; but fb little and in fuch fort as that we may be fure here to decline both the En- vy and Diflike that may follow the Determination of any point con- cerning it. The Purpofe and Difpofition of the whole being thus de- figned out (the more particular method whereof more fully appears in the Arguments prefixt to every Chapter ) Firft of the beginning of Kingdoms, the firft King and Propagation of that title.
II. That Supreme Title of King or Emperour (as we now underftand the name of Emperour) which is diftingurfhed from other dignities in this that it acknowledges no Superiour, but, according to the various inftitution of feveral Kingdoms, is accompanied with the higheft rights of Majefty and Sovereignty , hath a twofold original to which all Su- preme Kingdoms have relation 5 either from the power of the Sword or Conqticfl ufed by fome Anceftour of the prefent Kings, who thence, as heirs, derive their Sovereignty in the Territories, and over the people of their Kingdoms , or by fome Choice proceeding from the opinion of the vertue and noblenefs of him that is chofen. The Kingdoms made by the firft courfe , being of their own nature hereditary 5 thofe that have begun by Choice have been in fome particulars alfo hereditary, and in other have continued elective. Of the form of the firft, we have examples in the beginning of the AJJyrian Monarchy, in the acceffionof the title of King or Emperour, over divers conquered Countries , to the old Roman Emperours,and fuch like,befides the Kings of Cajiile and Por- tugal •■, there being in the title of the Kings of Portugal an exprefs men- tion of fuch a beginning in part of their Dominions. For they are called Lords da conquiUa & navegacam & commercio da Ethiopia, Arabia, Per- fia, & de India, that is, of the Conqueft, Navigation, and Commerce of JEthiopia, Arabia, Perfia^and India. And for that fecond courfe which is by Choice, it may be foen in the antient Kings of the State of Greece , in Deioces among the Medes, in that of Numa , who as fome of his Succef- fors alfo , was chofen King of Rome upon the Interrex his pronuntiation of §^uod bonum faujlum , felixq'-, fit , ghtirites Regent creare , ita patri- bus vijum eft--, in the Kingdom of Poland, in the election of the Em- perours of Germany, and the like. Neither was the Kingdom of the Ifrae- lites (if we regard only the humane way of inftituting it) begun other- wife. For there the people having referred themfelves to Samuel, for
A 2 the
4
Titles Of Honor.
Chap. I.
a De auo iUo videfis J n co- bum Botilduc lib. I de Etch- pa antt It gem cap.l5.Jel'.Ss- li,iiium Cf. b Lib. 2. cap. I l..ny /if tnie, idem halient • Rabbbi Abr. Zacuthins in Juchafiny*/. 6. b. tf A'. Da- vid in Tze- mschjol. 2. b. Putt. 2<
c Hit me s
in fm. in \{'o- pn n K6o"n»* tjuj modi j ere Commenium habetEcphan- tus Pytbazor. npud Stoba- tiittf Aoy (A(.
d Enhimetus opnd Laiiant. lib. i.de Jaffa
ttllg.Cilp.il.
the election of their King , he made a choice for them in the anointing both of Saul and David, from whom the title continued hereditary.
III. Under what Time the Beginning, of Kingdoms or the Firji King fhould be placed , is moft uncertain. For, although in the time before the Floud , there be no exprefs mention in the holy Story of a King, and that the common opinion be that in Wmrod or Belus (Father to Ni- w«f)the firft Monarchy began after the Flood,yet there is reafon enough to conjecture that there were Kings alfo long before both him and the Flood. For, befides that Cain's building of a City,and denominating it from his Son Enoch Jeans to have a character of a Kingdom in iM.fcdren, inftrucfed out of the Antients,goes as high here as poffible,and makes A- dam the firft King 8c Governor,and that with reafon enough. o£7©-, faith he^n^iMiain n >'iiff ffl aV8pa'77»» JV oA«« auiS -f £*»<, He governed or command- ed all mankind, as long as he lived 3 and a Scth fucceeded him in that Em- pire. And if we might believe that of Alexander the Great his letter to Aritioth , of which Jofeph Ben b Gorion , an Hebrew Authour indeed of no great credit, tels us, Kenan the Son oiEnop, or Grandchild to Seth, was 1^3 ED^n h? ty "V710 Empcrour over all the World, and buried in an Kland of the Eaft Indian Sea , and that the memory of it remained there in tables of ftone in Alexanders time,as he relates alio to Arijiotlc. And befides , we fee in thole of the following times , who have left us fuller teftimonies of particular forms of Government, that Monarchy hath continually been , and, to this day, is not left generally admitted and eftablifhed in all Nations, than as if it were derived out of the Law of Nature , which doubtlefs Was not left followed in thole many Ages before Nimrod , than it hath been fince him. And thence is it that di- vers good Authours have without queftion fuppofed the Monarchick Government, both to have been prefently upon the firft times, and al- io that, in the frame of Nature it felf , Man as a civil Creature was di- rected to this form of fubjeclion. Trincipio rerum (faith JusJin) genti- umquc imperium penes Kcges erat , quos ad falligium hujm Majejlath non ambitio populam fedfpectata inter bonos modcratio provehebat. And Sene- ca to the fame purpofe 5 Trimi mortalium , quiq*, ex his geniti , Nat warn incorrupt am fequebantur, eandem habebant <y* ducem e^ Legem , commijfi Meliork arbitrio. Nature eft enim potioribus deteriora fubmittere. As if the fole obfervation of Nature had necelfarily led the affections of men to this kind ofSrate. Whence it is alfo , that while others of the moft curious , in their Philofophy tell c us of the Angels , and the fupreme Heavens being immediatly governed by the firft Maker of all things, of the Planets and other Stars being ruled by the Sun , and of feparated Souls and the Air being fubjecl: to the Moon , they add together that, upon Earth, Kings are in like fort Governours, as if natural reafon had firft ordained them on Earth by an unavoidable imitation of the Crea- tors providence ufed in that inftitution of a Monarchy or Govern- ment in the Air, Stars, and Heavens. Neither do the antienteft Gen- tiles otherwife fpeakof thofo elder times, than with a clear fuppofition of Monarchy, even in the Infancy of the World •■> thole Kingdoms of Saturn, Jupiter? Neptune, Tluto, and the like, frilly denoting as much. For under thofe names applied to diftindf Kingdoms, not Gods, but the Monarchs of Land and Sea in the firft times d wer e underftood. But to omit the Conjectures that may be thus drawn either out of that known confent of Nations of later time, or from the Opinions of thofe Anti- ents which derive a Monarchy out of the inftitution ofNature, and Co
place
Chap. I.
he f irst Fart.
5
place it equal with the firft Age of the World , we have alfb exprefs te- ftimoniesof the Kings of ChakLaa that began to reign long before the Flood, as Alorm, Alajparm, Amelon, Amenon, Met alarm, Daorm, Aedo- rachm, Amphk , Otiartes, and Xifuther , in whole time (they fay) the Flood came. Neither is the relation of thefe Kings to be wholly con- temned as fuppofitious,in regard we have it from that moft antient and learned Prieft of Belm, the true Berojm , who lived about MM. years fince, and out of the memories of the Chaldees (which they had receiv- ed by tradition and preierved in writing) compoied the body of the Chaldean or Babylonian Hiftory ; and from Berojm it was long fince re- ceived as a Story of credit by thofe Authours of great name , Abydenm, Apollodorm, Alexander Tolyhilior, and others, cited and ufed to this pur- pofe with Bcrofm in Jofephm and Ei/febim. ' Nor is it rafhly therefore to be rejecf ed becaufe the holy Story ofMofes juftifies it not. So, and up- on a like reafbn,might we deny that ever Enoch made any propheeie,al- though Saint Jude cite it. But, as that ofEnochis firppotedby the moft learned e Tcrtullian, and others, to have been as a tradition toPofteri- eDecuhnMu* ty conveyed through them which were faved in the Ark (that we may leiu' uf' 3~" omit here the Relations of the Wives of Cain and Seth , and divers fiich other particulars ofthat time in Jofephm, Epip hanim, Ccdren, the Chro- nicle of Alexandria , Said { Aben Batri que P&tnzxch. of Alexandria, and fMuktabirf, the like) lb might this of the Chaldean Kings be preierved, and from the t^\'s,lr Bij fame perfons delivered to fiich as might afterward commit it to writing 5 toniaiia. which were not at all difficult to conceive, if Xifmher , the laft of them, were, as Cedren tels us, no other than Noah himlelf. Befides alio, Berojus delivers that the Chaldee Stories teftified that the memories of the Times before the Flood were written, and by command hidden in the Earth at Heliopolis or Bethfemef) , whence they were afterward taken and prefer- ved in Babylon for Pofterity. But indeed, if we think of thofe Kings to- gether with the years of their Reigns , as they are exprefled out of Be- rojm, the Story of them may feem not only incredible, but moft ridicu- lous. For, he that hath feweft years among them, reigned, faith Bero- fm , no left than the fpace of three Sari, that is (as they compute) XMDCCC years , every Sarm being accounted MMMDC and fbme of them continue XVIII Sari , which is LXIV. M.DCCC years, the whole number of the Reign of all ten of them , being CXX Sari , which is CCCCXXXII. M years. But that great affectation which the Eaftern people , befides the JEgyptians , had of deriving their States through many millions of years, might be caule enough of this porten- tous fupputation 5 and yet the beginning and fucceffion of the Kings, perhaps true enough. And it may juftly be doubted that either t he va- rious tradition and tranfcription of feveral Ages and Authours did be- yond meafure increale the numbers, or that thefe are not rightly appre- hended while we fee that the whole content of the Ages comprehended in thofe Stories of the Chaldees (as is alio remembred out of Berofm by Alexander Tolyhilior) amounts not near the number of the Reigns of all thofe Kings. For it is exprefly limited to fifteen Myriads, or a hundred and fifty thoufand years in the fame Berofus , from whom we receive thofe ten Kings that take up CXX Sari , or CCCCXXXII. M years. Whence it muft follow that cither we reckon not right when we attri- bute to every Sarm MMMDC Solar or Lunar years , or elfe that the number comprehended in the Chaldee Stories , which were moft care- fully kept, as he faith , in Babylon, is falfly defigned by fifteen Myriads 5
the
Titles of Honour. Chap.I-
g Cuero it Di. the truth being alfo that other pftheAntients * fpcak of a far greater num- vm*mm. ut. bcr 0f yC;us in the chaldce Stories , than is yet here mentioned. So that U we may conceive, that, as well as their accounts of years fo exceedingly
mcreafcd and differed in thcmfelvcs , even after fuch time as they had brought them to raoft ridiculous fumms , they might likevvile at hrft (while yet the Reigns of their Kings were within the limits of Mans life) through that common difeafe of their affectation of Antiquity , add lbme Ages to every of them , and afterward fo often iterate fuch kind of addition , that at length fo many thoufands, as they dreamt of, might he fo produced. But alio fome old Authours, to take offthis abfurdity of number of years , and fo to falve that of the Chaldean Monarchy be- fore the Flood , have far otherwife underftood the fpace of time con- h c,t(lrg. s)n- tained in a Saros. For they (I mean thofe Greek h Monks Tanodorus and fiSHa*. Anianus ) take it notforMMMDC years, but for fo many days , al- Emfit. fag. though the very words of Abidenus be 5fr x. *J r. «n*, that is, a Saros is 2,,<5- the fpace of MMMDC years. So that this way, by the liberty of chang-
ing one notion of a fpace of Time into another ( which is often ufed in matters of greater moment) the fpace of a Sarm fhall be but about ten years , or indeed exactly ten of thofe years, which, confifting only of CCCLX days without the five Epagowctue , were ufed in the Eaftern Parts. And thus , the CXX Sari , or the whole Age of thofe ten Kings comes but to MCC years , if they be refolved into thofe years of CCCLX days, or to MCLXXX1II years fix months and XXV days, if they be accounted by the old AEgyptian or arquable years of CCCLXV days,which make the common year at this day. And thusalfb the long- eft Reign among them will fall out to be but CLXXX years, which is a time fhort enough in regard of the Ages before the Flood. This ac- count being preflippofed , thofe Monks divided the time before the Flood into xt'°>& *Cttrikd!)& ( as they call it ) that is, the time wherein there were no Kings,and ^pi.©- ind^d/}®*, or the time which had Kings. That wherein no Kings were (if we reckon according to the true Chi o- nology of that Time, and not by the account of the Septuagbts, which thofe Monks, as the moft of other Greek Authours,ufe) falls to be about CCCCLX years after the Creation, and the reft, which is about MCC to the Flood, is the time of thofe Kings we fpeak of. So that by this fan- cy , (which indeed Georgius Syncellus by no means would admit) about CCCCLX years after the Creation, the firft King Alorus began to reign, as a man defigned by God himfelf to be™ ao.S w^m}, that is a shepherd of the people, as Abidenus fpeaks of him. And he was, as the reft of his Succeflbrs, of the race of the Giants of that Time, if at leaft we might herein give credit to the Authour of the Chronicle of Alexandria. Nei- ther were the ^Egyptians Bidories without a Race of Kings among them, in the time alio before the Flood.
IV. In fome of the Greek Stories, that Eaftern Kingdom of the Chal- dces is continued through the Flood in Noah^whom they make the fame with Xifuther the laft of thofe ten Kings. And from him they derive the fupreme Monarchy of the Earth then inhabited,to Sent. For upon that divifion of the Earth, which they fuppofe he made to his three Sons by his Teftament, which he fcaled up and delivered, they fay, to Sem, not only a third part , but the Chief Empire of all was transferred to Sent, U il, tUj>\ as their words are, wn»r'«t* J>iA'?*w fur <utn\, that is, who Suc- ceeded to Noah in the Empire. And thus if Noah were the fame with
Xifuthery
C h a p. J . The Fir ft Tart. y
_ _ — . , ..
Xifuther , he was King about CLXXX years before the Flood ( if the Sarus be accounted by the days , as is before noted) and continued fo until his death } his Son Scm fucceeding him. But alio the other two Brothers Cham and Japhet , having thole large Territories dcfigned them in the holy Story;, were Kings too , it feems , but inferiour in dignity. Cham having the South 3 as Sem the Eaft , aud Japhet thefe Weftern Parts. And this title of King in Scm is in exprefs words noted in the holy Story alfo, if at leaft, according to the raoft received tradi- tion, Sem and Mekhifedech were the fame perfon. For he is named the King of Salem.
But the moft commonly received opinion of the firft Kingdom or Monarchy, is that which fuppofes Nimrod to be the Authour of it, and is grounded upon that Text of the holy Story which tells us, that the be- ginning ofhk Kingdovercas in Babef and Erech, and Acad^ and Chalna^ in the Land of Sina.hr •, this being indeed the firft mention of a Kingdom that oecurrs in Mofes. And that Territory which is affigned to him de- notes him the King of Babylon , or of the Ajfyrians , whole Empire is ulually taken for the firft Monarchy of the World. With this received beginning of a Monarchy , we cannot but confideralfb the Time or Age ofit0 the various names that are given to him that began it, befides the propagation of the title of King and of Kingdoms through the Earth.
The juft time wherein this Kingdom began in Nimrod , is not enough certain. But among the Antients, the moft common opinion is, thatit falls in the Age of Abraham., about CCCXL years after the Flood. And fbme great Chronologers of our Time will likewifehave it lb. And the holy Story giving no exprefs character of exaclnefs of time herein, thev commonly take this for a clear ground , that at the time of the building of the Tower, and the confufion of Tongues, Nimrod had pof- fefled himfelf of this Empire. For by the direction and command of him, as of a King, they lay, the Tower, whence the confufion followed, was built. So Jofeph/zs., being a Jew, writes, fb Epiphanius^ Ettchcrius0 the Authour of the Chronicle of Alexandria^ Const antinc, Manaffcs, Cedreni and othcrs.Now the confufion is placed by the Jews in their Chronicles, about CCCXL. after the Flood, and about the XLV year of Abraham's age ; that of Ebers naming ' his Son Fhalcg , becaufe in hk days the Earth i Rabbi $Bfe Teas divided (upon the confufion of Tongues) being thus withal inter- inSMtr olam preted, that Eber was a great Prophet, and that out of his /pirit of pro- j^Q ibaUg phecie he fo named his Son at the birth ( which was but CI years after 'fl dividere, the Flood) becaufe the diviiion or confufion was to fall in the end of his days, which were about CCXL years afterward. Neither is it conceiv- ed by fbme that until fuch a time after the Flood , the eight Pcrfons and their Pofterity had fufficiently multiplied themfclves to be thus ca- pable of fuch a divifion. Nor is it without fair ground that they deli- ver that Eber thus named Thaleg out of the fpirit of forefeeing Prophe- cie, if at leaft he fb named him upon the birth, as the cuftom was. For although in other examples of the holy Story, we fee that the rmpofiti- on of names were upon accidents that fell about the time of the birth, and that exprefs Testimonies be k in the Fathers of our Church that rha- k E«'krf& leg was then born when the Divifion happened , yet here the vcrv Text t'Sf.hTz"^1.' directs usotherwife. For it exprefly tells us , that JoUan (the yongcr 8 .'£5" d. au- Brother of rhaleg) with thirteen Heads of Families which were of his ^H'v^ iT. Pofterity, were part of the number of them which divided the if'.capUu Earth. If then thefe alfb were at the divifion, it will be plain that the
reafbn
8 Titles of Honor. Chap. i.
leafonofrvWcg/ name was lb long at lealt after his birth, as that Jo- J/.wandof him thirteen Tons might be born, which may well make up the time of about CCXL years, as their account is. And this very rea- fon cloth Rabbi Jofe in the Seder 0\am ufefor the interpretation of that place, touching the naming of Vhaleg.
But what neceffity we have to believe that firft ground of this Chro- nology, which places the beginning of this Kingdom equal with that Diviiion of the Earth,I conceive not. It is true that divers good Authors with one mind admit it, and therefore it is not without much confidera- tion to be rejected. But let that be omitted, and the prophane ftories of the antienteft times to this purpolc examined ; and there will be rcafon enough found to believe that this beginning of the Affyrian Monarchy is to be caft into a far elder age, that is into the time that fills about LXX years after the Flood, within which time, Nimrod, being Nephew to Chaw, might be at leaft about XXX years of age, and not unable to bear thofe Attributes which the holy Story hath given him. For there e otftv af. js a cori{cnt in the belt and e antienteft testimonies that concern this Imkf.r^. point, that the Affyrian Monarchy ftood about M. CCC years andend- itb.\.D..utguj{. c JU1 Sardanapalus, from whole time, if we account backward, we lhall 1'f™"'io 'tf*' come near tne LXX year after the Flood,which this way deligns out the vl£ju4t'atb. age ofNim-ods beginning. Others hereof otherwife. But indeed we lhall ht. 2. no wnere mid better fatisfaft ion herein than fuch as will ftill retain with
it too much uncertainty.
For the divers names of this firft King, the molt General that he is known by, is Bclus , which alio was a great Deity in thole Eaftern parts. Neither is he to be called Ninus, asfome name him, attribut- ing (as Tragus and Ibme others) the beginning of the firft Monarchy to that Name. For Ninus was his next fucceflbr, as exprefsly Saint l Leo Mo. Augufline f notes out of the Greek hiftory. He is alio named Nabrodes and Nebrod (as the Septuagints call him jEvechous, Saturn, andfuppofc g bpui Epifh. C(] by fame to have been the lame with e Zoroajler. Some alio have &v\itcht+ taken him to be the fame who is called Amraphel afterward in Mofes. we Aitx*itd. Neither is it ftrange to find lb different names given to one Prince M.*p- in thole Eaftern parts. But that which moft properly agrees with him as he is delcribed in the holy Story, is the name of Orion. The Afly- rians (laith Cedre //) made Nimrod a God, placed him among the Stars of Heaven, and called him Orion. He firtt ffeveed the art of Hunting, and therefore the constellation called the Dog, is joyned with him. The holy Story lays, he was a mighty Hunter, that is, in; -Qlgibbor tzid ; and (b they exprefs him in thus making him the lame with Orion who is both living and dead fuppoled to be fo in the memories both of h Damafcin the g Egyptians and Grecians 5 and therefore alio he hath the lels Dog and ll'dt'hit'in a#tfrejoyn'd with him. And among other like names he is exprefs- t&yrohtb.toi. ly to this day called Algebar among the Arabians, that is, mighty , 3*2, ft^ong, ox the Giant, which is but varied only by Dialed from that
very Ebrerv word which denotes Nimrod, in the addition of mighty Hunter, or ri?«s K*ni>fr, that is, a Giant Hunter, as the Septuagints trans- late the holy Text. And befide this alio, in the old Aftronomy (as if Orion were fpecially to be deligned out for a King or Emperor 5 therein alfo to agree with Nimrod') he is fuppofed the chief Leader of all the Southern Conftcllations. And as in their Northern defcriptions they began at the lefler Bear or Cjnofura, fo, of their Southern Images., Orion was the firft.
Hoc
Chap.I. The Firft Fart. 9
Hoc chtce per totum decumtnt fydera mundum. faith Manilim, following this courfe as Aratus had alfo done before him$ which interprets that of Homer ■, fpeaking of the Bear 5
H t £utv 9"f^«JSf ^ pifflT* cTbxet/e*.
as if he had laid, that fhe had as the Vrincefs of the North, obferv'd and lookt at Orion, Prince of the South, which Manilius imitated in his
Arttos & Orion adverjis frontibus ibant.
But this is obferved here only to (hew the fancy of the Antients touch- ing Nimrod, in their memory of his beginning of Monarchy* And it is not unlikely that at firft it proceeded wholly from Grecian vanity , though it be attributed to the Ajfyrians. Neither doth the occurrence of the name of Orion, in the Septuagints tranflation k of the holy Text, k Job "t'l** give any light here or ground to that conceit. For the Original there jefay'^.i^ is S^os Kef I, which (having no relation to Nimrod) is in the vulgar tur- ned by AriJurus in one place, and in the other by Splendor,the Rabbins 1 in the mean time not enough agreeing among themfelves what Con- 1 rde ftellation they would have itfignifie. And of the time of Nimrods King- E&M Asms dom, and his various appellations thus much. c<$p.$.& David
After him or rather in his age ( if it fall equal with the time of the J™'*"**** Divifion of the Earth, as the common opinion will have it) there was fo general a propagation of this title of King over the Earth, that there is fcarce a Nation, whereof there is memory in thofe ages, without a King, or Prince, or Monarch, by name affign'd to it. For in the holy memories of that Divifion among the pofterity of Noah , we fee that the Earth was fo divided that the Heads of Families took their feve- ral parts according to their Language, and according to the Families in their Nations. And they which are named there were doubtlefs the Kings or fupreme Princes of the Nations of which they were Authors j that is, D^a^t* Allophim, i. Vrinces, or doVo Melahjm, i. Kings, as the words of m Afofes are where he more efpecially defigneth fuch titles. mViJeGtmf, And in that divifion (which,as it hath relation to the more Eaftern and taf' 3<J* Southern parts in Sem and Cham, is ibmewhat clear in Jllofes his ex- preffion of it) the parts of Japhet alio and his pofterity, as of Gomer, Magog, Madai, and the reft, with their Kingdoms are in antient tefti- monies of the Greek H Church extended by exprefs words, from the n Ettfeb-^y Northern part of Ajia into this Ifland of Great Britain, and the neigh- drSfp'ig'n.' bouring Countries. For fo they interpret that of Mofes , where he chronic. a/?**: fays that the Ifles of the Nations were divided by them'. And befide the au't*l'*** teftimonies of prophane hiftory which tell us of thofe more famous and great Kingdoms of the Sicyonians begun in Mgialeus , that of Ta- nam his Kingdom in Scythia, Vexoris among the ^Egyptians , and o- ther like that are caft into an age even as antient as this of Nimrod 5 the holy Text alfo hath occurrences of Kings to be referr'd to that age ; as in that of Abrahams war with Kedorlaomer King of Elam , where the Kings of divers other Nations , forae as fupreme, fome as fub ject-Kings, are mentioned. Whence it is that they fay, about Serugs days, who was born upon CLXX years after the Flood, 6» a^*™ T»
kuT tt>i\\Kai <xV?W»at7e; Tvipoy «-{rfT»>K* 71 eauTaj x%}iriimir}o Kj B*iTi>i.«V, 3S Cedren's
words are, that is, men arrogating to themfelves power over each other, made themfelves Emperors and Kings. And then, faith he, did they firft ufe Arms, and make war on each other. Afterward the courfe
B of
io
/ hies of Honor. Chap.I.
of the holy Story every where {hews as much in the fucceeding times, not only by exprefs naming of particular Kings, (which had been made either by the Sword or by Choice ) but alfo by that general aflertion of the Ifraetites, when they defiled Samnelxo make a King over them. For they then fuppofe themfelves only of all otherNations to be without a King} and requeft Samuel to give them one that might judge them D,un c-j-,3 Kek*fch*ggoim (as the words are) that is , according as all iteunfin.ai other Nations had. Neither were the Israelites (if the Tradition a among i. s.im. f.«p.8. xhcm may be believed) without a Command from God himfelf, that they {hould choofe them a King when they (hould come into the Land of Promife. In the following Times we fee the perpetual fucceffion of Kings in mod parts of the World, either antiently known or lately difcovered. And although divers of the chicfeft States of the old Gre- cians (and I think only of the Grecians in the elder Ages) were in their moft rlourifhing times Democracies or Optimacies, yet the more ami- ent States there, were in every place Monarchies, as it is alfo exprefly
b In Bteothu. noted by b Paufanias. E*c-/xh<m , faith h« , my-my* th j 'Etf.o.'/©- £ k A»^0Kj*Tza*
■mhat xo.Str>ii«<rar, that is, Every where in Greece in the antient times their
States were Monarchical and not Popular. For all other States which
keep their names till this day, the common Stories of them plentifully
fiiew both the beginnings and the particular propagation of Monarchy
in them, neither is this a fit place for them. And of the firft King and
the propagation of Kingdoms, hitherto. In the delivery of which, we
have relied on the beft teftimonies of the Antients befides the holy
Text, neglefting, with eaufe enough, thole Traditions of the Scythian:
7 Hi m or -&g)Pia" c Kings after the Flood, to be elder than the Ajfyrian Mo-
C5'to«/?4«t.' narchy } that of Prometheus (King ofTheJJaly^ and Ion to Deucalion) his
Miff's An- Deing fuppofed the firft Man d that ever reigned as a King, and fuch
j \foTo'n.lAt- more. Neither, in all this, have we given any credit to that neft of the
g onm.i. Annian counterfeits
>■ & autres, qui mentettrs Abufent dit loifir & bonte cles LeUeurs.
as Du Bartas well fpeaks of them.
Chap.
Chap. II.
The Firfl Part.
ii
Ch
A P.
II.
I. II:
III
King and Emperor : what Emperor denoted, and how the Title
was i/fed. The hate in Rome to the name of Rex, and how their Emperors
abjlained from it. Their title c/Trinceps. At length, others called them Kings, but they wrote the mf elves
only Emperors, until the ufe of Balileus, or King, and
Emperor, grew promifcuous in the Greek exprejfions of
their title. VI. Differences between the Emperors of the Eaft and Weft, about the
titles tf/Bafileus, and Rex, and Emperor. The title of Emperor given to the Kings of England, France,
Spain , the Great Duke of Mufcovy , the grand Signior ,
Prcftcr John. The Supremacie of thofe and other Kings free from thefubjectionof
the Empire of Rome againjl the common, but ridiculous, opini- on of many Civilians.
V
VI
Itherto the Beginning and Propagation , of the Title of Supreme Princes, being thus deduced, the next conside- ration falls touching thofe two great Names by which they are (tiled, that is, King and Emperor. Of which , in the elder times, plainly the firft was the Superior, and that of Emperor denoted only a General or Leader of an Armic, from whence it was tranilated to fignifie what now it doth in the title of Emperor, ufed cfpceially by the fuccellbrs of Julius Cafar in the Ro- man or German Empire. For when he, through the greatnefs of his own fortune, and by reafbn of the degenerating fpirits of the Romans had made himfelf Mafter of their lb Free State , he thought it faf- er to retain than innovate his Title of Supremacie ; and therefore ha- ving the perpetual Office of Dictator and Confulfitp with the place of General or Impcrator (as the word had relation to his military Forces) he took that alfo (being as willingly given him as the reft ) for a perpetual title : Honores nimios recepit (faith Tranqitillus) ut conti- nuum confulatum, perpetuam Dillaturam, Prefect uramq'-, morttm, infi/pcr prxnomen Imperatoris , &c. And after him , it hath continued to this day in the title of his Succcflbrs : yet withal iince him, and before his next Succeffbr Auguttus, it was ufed likewife in their Titles, who for a breathing time had with a defperate cure recovered the publiek liberty. For both Brutus andCatfius have it in their Attributes upon their Coines inferibed, fbmetimes with two Poignards and the Cap of liberty, thus, BRVT. IMP. and C. C A SSI IMP. LIBER- TAS, and the like : as alfo it occurrs in the Infcriptions of Lepidus and Ant&nim, the XXX Tyrants, and fome others. But whereas that pallage of Tranquillus makes it his Pr<enomen or Forename, as if it were firft to be mentioned in the title of the Emperors who derive from him, I think he was deceiv'd. For in all the Infcriptions that oc- curr of him in his Coins or otherwife, I find not the title of Emperor preceding his Name, but always fubfequent : as CiESAR IMP. P. M. and the like very often. Neither was it in his Succeflbrs con-
B 2 ftantly
12 Titles of Honor. Chap. II.
ftantly kept as a Forename } butibmetimesit preceded,as may be feen in clivers of Augustus his Coins and the following Emperors, as efpe- dallyinthatof Juiiiman's title, Imptratpr Cocfar flavins Juliinianus? and fometimcs it followed, as at this day it doth in the Emperors title. But indeed it appears that in the fuccelfors of Julim, there was a dif- ference in the ufe of it as fubfequent, and the making it a Forename. Forthcufing of it as Subfequent , denoted only (or at lead chiefly) (bme great performance by Arms infetling or cncrealing the Empire. But when it was a Forename, it fignificd^in thole elder times, only the Emperors fupremacie in the State! Whence it falls that fometimes it is ufed twice in one expreffion of the Emperors 3 as in one of Aitgultus his Coins the Infcription is , I M P. C JE S. AUG. I M P. IX. TR. P. V. where the Forename of Impcrator denotes his fuprcmacy, but that of I M P. IX. (which is fubfequent, and fignifies that he had as a General defcrved a triumph nine times) hath relation only to the fe- veral great benefits, which the State had received by his Arms. That which follows T R. P. V. being the number of the years fince he had the Tribumtia poteUas given him j which was alio every year renewed to
a Die c-'JJim the Emperors, and therefore in that number alio the years a of their Em-
H,P- 53- pire were exprefled.
II. The title of Emperor being thus fetled in Rome , although the Emperors had the fubftance every way of whatfbever is comprehend- ed in Royal Majefty, yet in the elder times of the Empire they purpofely abftained from the name of Rex or King, being a word grown odious to Roman liberty, from the time that it was caft out by Brutus. In folemn memory whereof they yearly celebrated on the VII Kal. of March ( the XXIII. of our February ) their feaft Regifu- gium. As alfo they provided, left the giddy multitude might again delire to have a King, that no concourfe for Merchandife in the City fhould ever happen upon the Nones of any Month (King Servius Tul~ bus his birth day, they knew, was in the Nones.bm not of what month j and therefore they provided it ) Veriti b nc quid Nundink cot/etfa Vni- verfitiis, ob regk defiderium, novaret, as Macrobim his words are. And Cicero though he acknowledged that C<efar was revera Rex, fully a King in fubftance, yet upon the hate that continued of that title, he tells us, pt Divinat. that c Regcm Rom£ pofthac nee Dii nee homines efje patientur. And to palliate (bme part of his ambitions, C<efir himfelf being faluted King by the multitude, but, withal perceiving that it was very diftaftful to the State, by the Tribunes pulling offthe white fillet from his Laurel, anfwered, Ctfaremfe, non Regem ejje a, refuting utterly alio, and conse- crating the Diadem, which Antony would have often put on his head, to Jupiter. For the fame reafon, did oBavian abftain from the name of Romulus which yet he much affected. Alike was the diffimulation of the next Tiberius, under whom were eadem magisiratuum vocabula (as Tacitus his words are)which were before,but the fum and fway of things was ingroft and cunningly kept under One, differing in Name, not in Nature , from a King, as was obferved alfo by him that fubferibed Ju- lius his Statue with
Brutus quia Regcs ejecit, Conful primofactus eft.
Hie, quia Confutes ejecit, Rex post remo faff us est. But alfo rrinceps,and Priniipatus, and Frincipium, were proper names for them and their Greatnefs. Augustus (faith Tacitus) cunffa difcor-
dik
b Satumah
tap. 13.
e tit.
Chap. II. The Firft Fart. 1 3
diis civilibus fejfii nomine Principk fub imperium accept. And Sueton of C afigtt ■/•/, thus, Ncc mult urn abftnt quin fidtim Diadema fumeret, jpeci~ cmq'-> Frincipatus in Regni for mam converteret : that of Frinceps being taken only tofupply the name ofRexJtQ five them from the envy which it would have drawn on them. There being alfb the like original of Frinceps for them as there was of lmperator. For as the one came to denote the fupremacy in the State out oftheufe of it in the Army, fb the other to fignifie the fame thing out of the ufe of it in the Senate. For the title of Frinceps Se»atus(y/hich was known familiarly in Rome, and 10 might be ufed without envy) furnifhed Augultus and his Suc- eellbrs with the title of Frinceps as it had relation to the whole com- mon-wealth.
III. In the following Ages, it was long before any of the Emperors ufed the title of King (although the Emperor Aurelian wore a Diadem and other enfigns that were proper to the name of King) but in their Letters, Commiffions, and Embaffagcs, they ftiled themfelves always F wpcrors. Which is exprefsly delivered by Synefius that lived under Arcadius, about CCCC years of Chrift, (hewing alfb that it was then ufual in the Writings and Speeches directed to them, to have them ftiled Kings, efpecially by the Grecians, a^s \&» (faith he to the a Emperor ) ^i'kJ*'
Cuof d'^ifjutK I) KaKvfj.it hxa-iKiai, i£ y°a.<?o[Mv »7W;. 'Twin's ;$ #n *<PoTi(, hti jxij, Qjvr\$h'<t J
to\ya^v^i<Th%\vju\i^m\°%w<Lv*£u*\Liv°«\Mo-Ti. i. IVe thinly you worthy of the blame, and Jo call you Kings , and write y on fo. But yon , whether you know jo much or not? yet agreeing to cujlom, havejeemed to difiike jo jwelling a Title. And indeed, the Authors of the Imperial ftory, before that time, have Rcgnum, for the State of Rome, h Sedile Regni for the Empe- b v,ie cdftuBt rors Throne, and luch more : the diQike of Rex growing at length out " of fathion, as efpecially appears in the chufingof Regillianus (General in lliyrnuni) to be Emperor, as it were, on a fuddain jeft, when one had derived his name in declining Rex, Regis , Regi, Regillianus, the accla- mations prefently c following, Ergo poteU nos regere 5 ErgopoteU Rex ejffe. cTrtklt.PaB. This was about Ga///ens time, fbme CCLX. after our Saviour. And '" 3° yrann,s' "Vlpian ( a great Lawyer under Alexander S events') calls that d Lex Regi a, d D-de, Cbnfi. which transferred the peoples power to the Emperor. And in the Code Ft'"c'P''-lm RegiaMajelias, Regalisfcnjus, Regia "Vrbs, and the like, occurr with re- lation only to the Emperors dignity. And Regnum occurrs fbmetime in Saint Amhroje f to denote the Empire. But as the Grecians ufually f orat.imtbn called them &B*<rt\«{i. Kings, as alio the Ebrews and other of the Eaft dlV*le»"»*»- (for the learned Drnj>usu notes that he had a book, inferibed ^n ijHt nlodo/i,. i. the Roman Kings, being the lives of the Emperors. And in Luke III. S fuhmagor. where the original is in the XV. t»( iyyaxiat, i. of the Empire of Tiberius, 'poiog&lih.' the Syriack turns it nnC70n of the Reign or Kingdom. And Paul's ap- paffim. peal, according to the Arabick, is, I appeal to Cxihr the King $ which \s\l'rxtt,,m' agreeable to the Emperors titles, in the lives of the four Evangelifts, in that language) fo alio the Conjlantmopolitan Emperors could not at length find greater titles for themfelves or fitter than King. If you regard how others under them applied the name j examples are fa- i coudi. Eph- miliar in the ; Afts of their Councils, Hiftories, and fuch like. If, how ^SbSu" they themfelves in the firft perfon, read the titles of Jufiinians Novels ftuifubAna- (which they call Authcntiques) and in them it will appear, that the folio floruit) names of AJjo^d-mf or Emperor^ and B*ero,«/V or King, were indifferent, Zopluoii"' although the Latin Tranflation hath him always by the name of Impe- Jcript.vm*-
rotor Jim'a,ih
! a Titles of Honor. Chap. II.
rator. The fame is juftified by Thcophilus his Greek tranllation of the lnftitutions. And that great Volume of Laws, publifhcd by their Em- peror Leo (about DCCCC ) comprehending a collection out of the £>/'- oc$ls,Code, Novels, and other Imperials, was titled tJbw/a/w, as if you ftioultl fay, the Kings Laws, whereof an Epitome is now only left 5 and kBafiliclibA. jn that, the Latin k Princeps or Imperator, is often turned into Bsnteif. fcitJ'v1' So that at length the name of Emperor and King grew to be as one, al- s'cn.&'ahbi. though the Romans (6 much (for the remembrance of their liberty) at firft diftinguifhed them.
IV. But in the divided Empires, upon new occafions, came much af- fected differences touching thofe names of King and Emperor. The We- fiern Emperors, in regard that the States of the Goths, Lombards and Franks, which had over-run and polled: much part of the Empire, were called Kingdoms, and their Heads, Kings, rather defired the continuance of the name of Emperor, as a note, in common account, of greater Ma- jefty. After the tranllation of the Empire from Conjlantinople to the trench ; the Eastern Princes continued ftill their name of Boon \h<, which they fuppofedthc greater title, and were, at firft, not much againftthe allowing of it to theWeftern Emperors, as appears in that of the Em- bafladors of Michael Curopalata to Charles the Great, who, for confir- mation of a league, came to him at Aix, &fcriptumpacfi fas my ! Author \Amnjm.in fays) abeo in Ecclefiafiifcipientes morefuo,ideji, Grtfc'a lingua laudes ei A"«wW««- dixerunt, Imperaiorem & Eafilcum appcllantes. Which was a name af- Yn.c'wU tcrward (although meer Greek) bellowed on Charles his fucceffors by Mngni. their Monksjprefetring it far before the Latin Rex. One ofm them thus, Z. it ofid"' of Charles furnamed CraJJus •■>
LuUt. 1.
Z)rbs mandatafuit Karolo nobis Bafileo, Tmperio cujiis regit itr tot us prope Cofmus.
But when Balilius Macedo the Conjiantinopolitan Emperor had received Letters from Pope Hadrian the II. wherein Laves the II. then Empe- aMs.M/i.Lo*. ror °f tne Weft , was called Bafleus or Emperor (for lb Bafleus was gobard.ap.Ba- now underftood) hecaufed that Honorary title to be rafed aout of the r 0,1. tom. io. Lcttcrs, and, concerning his challenge to it as what was only proper to himfelf, difpatcht an Emballage to Lewes. This Embaflagc, Lewes an- fvvers by one Autprand (as it is reported by Rempert or Erempert , ci- ted and firft published by Cardinal Baronins ) and out of his Letters the effect of the quarrel may be beft underftood. He firft tells Bafilius rhat he knows no reafbn of his dillikes towards him, Nifi forte fupcr J m per at or is nomine -velit h<tc cuntJaJentiri. Vcrum apitd nos ('faith the b Mnusoni- Weftcrn Emperor) multalecia pint, mult a quidem indefefjh leguntur •-, recntic.ca.i*. nunqitam tamen mvenimus terminos pojitos, aut for mas, aut precept a prc- C^hiftorici O- lUfu , neminem appellandum B AS 1 LEA ni(i cum quern in urbe Conflan- iura Pmohm- tmopoli Imperii tenere gubemacula contigijjet, cum, gentium fingularum boh Vezirazes moni mentis interim pojlpoftt is., facr<e nobis affittentcr historic monlirent,
^'ri'm "maels l^"r'mos fo'lfc Bafleos. Ft noli vel nobis quod dicimur invidere ,
dtnotantcon- vel tibi fingitlariter u fur pare, quod non folum nobifcum fed & cum plu-
I'ulas licet, u- riyHS Trapofitis aliarum Gentium pojfides. Sed nee hoc admiratione
lii.imcu. (int 1"ocl 'ijferis Arabum Vrincipem bProtofymbolum did , cumin Mp.14. volumimbus noil r is nihil talc repcriatur , &vcsfri Codices modo c Ar-
cohf/'*Ar- l'^lt0>h modo Rcgcm vel alio quoltbet vocabulo nuncupent. Verum nos chonta, omnibus
C h a p. II. The Firft Fart. 1 5
omnibus Uteris facras S. prefer imus, qu£ non Protofymbolos,/^ Reges Arabttm & Sa'o£ perjpicue conftentur, Chuganum vero, non PraUtum Avarum, non Cazarorum ant Northmannorum nuncupari reperimus, ne- que Principem Bulgar'um , fed Regent vel Dominum Bulgarum. Verunt idcirco ab iis <& omnibus Bafilei debitum vocabulum adimk, tit hoc tibi foli non tarn Proprie qua.m violenter inferos. Then he proceeds With the Translation of the Empire from Conjlantinopk to the Franks, ob ignominiam Gr£corum, who were not able any longer to defend the Church : and, whereas Bafdius would have him titled only Rex (or Riga, as the Grecians had barbaroufly made that word in their fourth Cafe) he adds further, that the true interpretation of their Bafileus , was in that word Riga j as indeed, children know it is. Neither was it given or taken as any difhonour when Baldwin Earl of Flanders, Lewes Earl of Blok d and divers other, wrote to Otho IV Emperor , with ££S.1£l this Infcription 5 Exccl/entijfmo Domino Othoni Dei gratia Romanorum varum hift.6* Rcgi & fempcr Augutto. Divers like examples are. Nor have the *• l?' German Emperors of the later ages thought, it feems, the title of Rex lefs than that of Emperor. Indeed in the time of that Otho , and afterward, it was conceived by many in their grofs flatteries to Rome, that before the Coronation there (or fbme Coronation that fupplied as much) he that was chofen for Emperor fhould be called King of the Romans, or Rex Romanorum, or as they exprefs it in high Dutch, Iftomtfcljet&oniC?; only, as if the title of Emperor were not due to him until that Coronation. Hereof we fee notice taken by Antoninus, (peaking 3 of the Coronation of Sigifmund0 as alio by Le- a chron.pnt. onard b Aretin upon the lame occafion, and Co by others. But they 3-"'-22-c<»jP' juftly condemn it as a vain cavil. Nor doth that of Henricus Bebelius biib.6.Epifi. e written againft them convince more than only thus much, that they aic/riaam-A had no rcalbn to quarrel at that title of Imperator, as being lefs than WnximMm. King. Forufe hath made it equal with King, where fupremacy is. »ed»ic.i.m* And, poftauam aliauk ex noftrfs. faith he, in Regem Romanorum e/2 9*7'vetkCt*l~. leaus, mox omnia Imperatons ojficia exercet, &, ut loquar more legulei- &c. orum recent ium, defatlo habet plenariam omnium rerum adminijiratio- cAtui Goldafl. nem, Jupremamquc Potejiatem, nee aliquid addit creatio in Imperatorem riVl.'part'ii' vifi quandam folennitate?n <& qugdam ornamenta, qux Romanus Ponti- /"»?-58<5. & fex, nonnos excogitavimus. 1)t igit/trRjex aliqukR.omanommprimum Ye^bfn T* dicatur &pojlea Imperator coronatione Pontifick,folum < eft Scdk Apofto- dejuribm lic<e, non Germanorum infiitutum, ut leges in c. venerabilem extr. de R'P" ® ImtCd electione. Thus much Bebelius. And in the later age of this Empire, c*p.6.i6.&'a efpecially from Charles the Fifth to this day, the names have been taken fb indifferent, that after the election, and without Coronation at Rome, the Emperors moft frequently call themfelvcs in their ftiles CttoeijUeC llomifcbet &ej>Cer5 that is, EleUus Romanorum Impe- rator , and fbmetimes alio Ele&us Romanorum Rex, as if the two titles of Rex and Imperator had no difference. But underftand this to be fpoken of the title of King of the Romans compared with Emperor in cafes only where the fame perfbn is already chofen for Em- peror,not where by defignation only ofa fucceflbr a King oftheRomans is made in the Empire. For that kind of King of the Romans hath no place here, but comes in the fecond Part, as the apparent SuccefJor* But for this point of the indifferent ufe and identity of titles of Rex Romanorum, and Imperator in the Empire, and of the names of Impera- tor and Imperium ufed as well before the Coronation received from
Rome
6 Titles of Honour. Chap.II.
Rome as after, it is with a multitude of choice examples more largely d Repiicpro opened and cleared by the learned Melchior Goldaftus d where alfo he fe C*Jim notes out °^the old Charters oi the Church ofHamboroughfiz. othcrs,that »tuTm»C' until the Coronation at Aquifgran (which is the firft that belongs to the t^P'ci Emperor, and is to be performed by the Archbifhop of Cologne) theEm] Stmugw. pcrors would antiently ftile themfelves fometimes Ordinantes, and Vtit item we- tnejr coming to the Empire Ordinatio, and after that they would ufe ttTZSSZ Kttcand Regnum 3 as in a Date of a Charter of Henry the third to the tio'tufS Go\- fame Church, Data, anno Domini incarnation?* 1 040. Anno ant em Do- ifjlllum' mhli Henrici Regis Tertii Ordinantis III. Regni primo : another of the Mjg.Brit.R.1- next Henry j Data anno Domini incarnationk 1 042. Anno ant em Ordi- gem „d rem 3. „atl0nis Henrici IV. Regis VIII. Regni vero VI. Whereas notwithftand- Z'o'uum'L rag no man can doubt but that they were truly Kings before their funum,!it.i.i, Coronations as well as after, and fo truly alfo Emperors by vcrtueof *jEj&A* their elections, without the folemnitics, although yet (according to. anumSaravi- vulgar apprehenfion ) they diftinguifh the years of their Regnum from
Ta'loTtue"' thofe of tneir ImPer"tm- Yet alfo uPon e ot^er ground belides thofe U.SSSft. Imperial letters of Bafilius Macedo, it hath been obferved that the cGioff.Gr*co- Eaftern Emperors did in contempt, ftile the Weftern Reges only 5 if'tr/?;.'' allowing their Baftleus to none, but themfelves and the -King of Bul- ficuroptht. ^ary^ who had alfo f his Crown of Gold, hisTiar of Silk, and Red '" Tzimifce- Shoes, for his Royal, being alfo Imperial, habiliments. And fo Ge- orgia* Logotheta, always names the King of Bulgary, BxriMiiffl b^^v but the Ring of Hungary and Sicily^ouyh'^ and Six**!* p«{;, or Rex Si- cilia ■-, and the Prince of Achaia only Ax«/««n{i>JH, or Ackai<e Trinceps. But I think it proceeded not fo much from contempt, as ufe , bred a- mongft them, to call fbrrein dignities, by the names of that Princes Countrey, to which they were applied : as appears in Sultan, Ameras, Amermumnes, and Chagan (the fame with Chan) and the like, copioufly mentioncd by Simocatta, Anna Comneha, Cod/n, Achmcs, Cantacuzen, and the more obvious Oriental Authors. And, they never agreeing • willingly to that Tranflation of the Empire, but fuppofing themfelves ' as Emperors of Neve Rome (for Co Conjlant/noplc was called) and to be j , -j the legitimate Succeflbrs of that majeftick Title, n k^ Kje*&, or Lord uan.ff'ai leg. of the World (wherewith Antoninus long before blazoned e himfelf to Rbod.l.$>. Eud<emon) could hardly but endeavour fuch diftinction of names, that fb they might have One peculiar to their own Greatnefs. Which, how could they better do, than by keeping their own to themfelves (that is, Baflleus) and giving other Princes every one the language of every ones own territory ? And the Princes of 'Sicily in the time of Conjlan- *mi& V'' tinc t'lc §reat (foith Nicephorus Gregoras) were called pj^j or Reges only. Indeed, thatEaftern Emperor, Bafilius Macedo, had moft reafbn to take care of this matter, being the firft of them, after the Tranflation to Charles the Great, that was likely to have regained his Predeceflbrs glo- g Anap.tf. ii ry. And therefore his Bifhops in that VIII General Council at Conjian- Tn'mTui!' t,fl0ple did alfo nomen Imperiale (as one s fays of the Weftern part) nojlro hAnnai.iwert. Csfari penitus inviderc ; to which affected Greatnefs an old h Author al- 87?' Edit T° Iudes, speaking of Charles the Bald, King of France 5 that, Omnem confu- P/»/;*ojeadera etudmem Regum F ran com m contemnens Gr<ecas Glorias opt i mas arbitraba- autem sige- tur. Et ut majorem mentis fits elationem oJienderet,ablato Regis nomine, iotbo'rrifim- felwpvratvnm & Augulium omnium Regum, cis mare confijlcntium, ap- geufjegit. pellari pracepit. But in later times the difference was lefs refpefted} MtVl?*'1' which is plainly feen in thofe Letters of ! Cab-Johannes to Conrad 111.
thus
Chap. II. The Firft Part. 17
thus infcribed: Johannes in Chrijlo Deo Ficlelk Rex, Yorphyrogemtus , fublimk, Forth, Augujius, Comnenos,& Imperator Romanomm ad Nobilif. Fratrem & Amicum Imperii mei, and anfwered by Conrad , calling him- felf Romanomm Imperator August us, and Calo-Joannes, lllnUris & Glori- ofus Rex Craccornm. Whence alio it is evident , that, Rex wis not a name of contempt at Constantinople. For then would iiot this Conrad have called Calo-Joannes by that name. Neither, for that point, is ad- vantage to be taken of the word Rex in the Eaftern Emperour's ftile. . For, it is mod likely that his Greek (out of which, I fuppofe, my Au- thour had it tranflated) was their b*8-^<£<. But when this Conrad's Suc- ceflbur , Frederiqne Barbarojfa received Letters from Ifaacus Angelas , Emperour of Consfantinople,expo{tuhtmg with him touching hispaflage through Greece into the Holy Land , and demanding Hoftages for lecu- ritv with this infblent Title, ° Ifachius a Deo con si i tutus, Imperator Sacra- oExPed,t- 4r
it* 11 ir J ^ r 1 1 1 attc.Redencu
tijjimus, ExceuentiJJimus, Potcntifs.jubl/mis, Moderator Romanomm, An- apud Canif.
eelus Totius Orbis, H£res Coron£ Maqn£ Conslantini, Dilcfto fratri Imperii Ant'i'ka'tom'
r- ■ n ■ -L ■ sil -, *• r ^ r \ • v / • 5-part.z.plura
Jui maxim 0 Vrincipi Alemani£ gratram Juam & hater nam O" plunmam dcGtxcotum
DikBionem •-, He much ftormcd at the Embafladors, and told them that f"&» &** Oc-
he fcorned their Matters favour, and, De ipfo ("as the words are) non fero^ "de"tale Im-
. , r 3 J ■, r 1 - t piratortm iu-
laith he , £quammiter \i tdm arrogantcr me pr£jumat de c£tero Jalutare : vidiS ktbn iti and that he himfelf had, by an eftablifhed right, the name of Romano- *-uitPrandi rum Imperator & femper Augustus, wherefore their Matter fhould rather nxf.Edin& have called himfelf Romaniomm than Romanomm Moderator. Upbraid- "/"«< Baron. Ing him with Romania, which is the fame Territory that was called annoys Thrace, and lies by the Seat of the Eaftern Empire. »r»«/e«p»*j
V. But howfbever thefe Emperours of the Weft and Eaft thus ftrove about this great Title of Emperour or Bafikus ; as if they had been agreed that no other Prince might juftly ufe it but themfelves, yet it is plain that the Kings of other Nations took it as no lets proper to their own Greatnefs. The Kings of England or Great Britain, have alfb juft- ly ufed it, and that from antient Ages. For our Edgar frequently in his Charters, called himfelf Albionh & Anglomm BafJleus j and, p in one to p Csd. w\g*r&, Ofivald Bifhop of IVorcesier , Anglomm Backus omniiwtq'-, Rcgitm Infula- "^ ^h' D.cr rum Oceaniq;, Britanniam circumjacent™ , Cunctarumq; Nationum , qu£ Bm. & dep'ra- infra eani includuntur, Imperator & Dominus '-, wherein by the way , it *at* leg»»""' is obfervable that the King of England or Great Britain, Co long fince Ed. Coke wrote himfelf, and was Emperour and Lord of the Britip Sea j as the ex- P«fM.^. Gf preflionisin that of Oceani Dominus & Imperator , which fully agrees par^umtnti with that of one of his Succeflburs King Canutes (or Knout) when fit- 23. ting in his Chair by the South Shore , he ufed thefe words to the Sea. Tu me<e ditionh es & terra in qua fedeo mea ejl, &c. making (as the Sto- ry is in Henry of Huntingdon) a moral ufe of it, but taking it clearly that he was no lefs Lord , King , or Emperour of the Sea than of the Land. Whence alfo in our common Laws it is affirmed, that t the Sea is of the q Eeikiiapt ligeance of the King, as of the Crown of England, and divers other Dome- ***•*. titi. ftique Teftimonies juftitie as much. Neither hath it wanted the exprefs srik^mX ' acknowledgment of thofe Strangers which being next Neighbours to Mk*.«v<r. the Sea, had moft reafbn to quarrel at it , if there had been any fcruple tj1^5, in the Title. For when under our Edward I. and Philip le Beau of France, Reginer Grimbaut , then the French Admiral, had in jurioufly exercifed fuch a jurifdidion in the narrow Seas , that not only he incroched upon the King of England, who was Lord of them , but alfo committed di-
C vers
1 8 Titles of Honour. Chap.II.
vers oppreflions againft Merchants and others , in fo much that they were driven to complain in both Kingdoms 5 the two Kings appointed certain Commiflloners to hear thofe complaints, to whom the Procu- nTemp.EJ.i. rours n of the Nobility and Clergy, Towns, Cities, Merchants, Stran- ijSSSH' Sers> anfi otncrs oiEngland^ as affo thofe of the Maritime Coafts of Gc- in Arce Lon- noa, Cathalaunia, Spain , Germany, Zeland, Holland, Frifeland,Danemar^, din' Norway, and divers other places of the Empire , exhibited a Declarati-
on of their injuries } and in that Declaration they acknowledg clearly, that the Kings of England, time out of mind, as Kings of England, had been in peaceable pofleflion of the Sovereign Lordlhip of the Sea of England , the very words being thus in the French of that time , ghte les Roys d' Engletcrre par raifondu dit Roialm , dn temps dont ilny ad me- moir e dii contraire, euffent cjte enpaifiblc pojjejfion de la Soveraigne Seignu- vie de la After d' Angleterre, &c. Thofe infinite other Teftimonies that juilifie as much, I omit here, having in their due place difpofed them in my Marc claitfum, writen about 1620. for the affertionof this Mariue Dominion or Empire to the Crown of England 5 wherein alio that great Queftion , touching the Sea's being capable of Dominion , is largely difputed, and the Affirmative is clearly and fully concluded, especially out of the Laws or Cuftoms of almoft all Nations known on the Earth } not without plain Anfwers to thofe Arguments which are ufually,among Civilians, brought for the contrary. But for that Ti- tle of Emperour in the Kings of England -, we lee alio that it was uled by others after Edgar. In a Charter of about a thoufand after our Savi- our, made by King Ethelred to the Church of Canterbury, in his (file at o Vrtfitumrjl the beginning he calls himielf Gratia fun/mi tonantis ° Angligemim, Orca- boe diploma «- <larMm mcne jM Qyro jacentnim M.marchvs , but fubferibes with Eco AE-
dici Ms.m bib- , , , , J ■> , , ■ ■, . /»
lietbeeaCttto- thelndus Angloritm Induperator hoc privilcgnim ore manuque cracTS figna- Ki.tn.xubi for- CHi0 (0rroboro. The like Title p occurrs in lome other of that Time, towahnis * rH- when yet qucftionlefs they did not conceive any greater Majefty in the gttmAngU*. name of Emperour or Empire than in the title of King or Kingdom. a*, ibidfplz' ^or tneY frequently ufed the words indifferently •-, as in the Saxon •II. ibid. Tranflation of Or of us , nomana pice , and nomana anpealbe are prc- mitcuoufly uled for the Roman Empire , the firft literally denoting the Kingdom of Rome, and the other the Empire, as the words are Gramma- tically diftinguilhed. But alio whatfoever the title of Emperour im- ported , though it were not after the Saxon times ufed in the ftile of our Kings, yet the fubftance of it was lufficiently challenged in that of William the Second , when he lb confidently told Archbifhop Anfelm, that ipje omncs libertates habebat in Regno fuo quas Imperator vindicabat iff Jmperio , as the words are in Matthew Park. And in the Tranfcript q cod. kbbati* of a Charter of the fame William to the Monaftery of ** Shaftesbury , I Stpttn. apad read, Ego \V\U\c\mus Rex Anglorum , anno ab Incarnatione Domini 1089. rundciT " fCC!!>1do anno mei Imperii, omnibus mek fuccefforibus defjgno. Therefore WirJour^/v. alio under King Henry VIII. the r whole Parliament conceived, and lb expreiled themlelves , that by divers and fundry old authentique Hijlories Hjn.Z.cip.iz. a"d Chronicles 0 it k man ifcjlly declared and exprejfed that thk Realm of ? 25 h<». S. England *r an Empire, and Jo hath been accepted in the World, governed byfomefupreme Head and King, having the Dignity and Royal Estate of the Imperial Crown of the fame. And the Kings Power is alfo called Impe- f 1 EUz.cap.u r<i! in another Aft f of the lame Parliament. And the Crown of Eng- Vi.?ai*tfiu land, in other Parliaments of later Times, is titled the Imperial Crown } the Kings of England being alio in the exprels words of an Trip Parlia- ment
Chap. IL The Firft Part.
ment titled Kings c and Emperour s of the Realm of England and of the. ( Stft.Bit.fJL Land of Ireland , and that before the title of Lord of Ireland was alte- v^cJdIS?' red into King. The French Writers alio, as especially Carolus de Graf- Decif.fM.fii. folio, Du HoiUan, and Hierom Bignon, (hew this title of Emperour given 6u to the antient Kings of France. And for Spain j in the Records of Toledo , their remains to this day a Charter of Priviledges given by King Alfonfo the VI. (about D years fince) which hath this title in it in thefe words, Ego difponente Deo Alphonfus He/per i£ Imp orator. So Fran- cifco de Fifa tells rus, who was lately Dean of the Faculties of Divinity * H<ft-dt T»l,*» and the Arts in the Univerfity there. And the next Alphonfo the VII. &'^ cap'29' was crowned Emperour of Spain in Leon, H the Ceremonies being after- " KoderU.ro- ward iterated in Toledo , as in the chief City of that Empire, which is ^m"^'^.- therefore alio titled Cabeca del Imperio de Ejpamio ( in a Charter , of ric.sam.lnjt. Pedro King oiCafiile, given for the Dignitity of Toledo) and Alcazar de mSt:^tt» J- Emper adores in an old Rime of that Country. And the Arms of * Toledo c"e' 3 * became from this to be the Image -of an Emperour in his Imperial habit, holding the Mound in the left hand , and a Sword drawn in the right. And one of this Alfonfo 's Charters dated in the M.C.LXXVl year of the Spanifo Aira, that is, M. C. XXXVIII of our Saviour , and confirmed by his SuccefTbrs to that City , ftiles him and his Queen Berengaria , thus, Sid) Dei nomine & ejus gratia , Ego Aldefonfus Dei nutu Hifpanix Impera- tor , una cum conjuge mea Imperatrice Domino. Berengaria. And in the fiibfcriptions of it , Imperator only occurrs for the title of this Alfonfo. They lay alfb that Pope Innocent the Second confirmed this Name of Dignity to him •-, which, Mariana x faies , he can very hardly believe, x Dtribwm- And there is an Epiftle extant of Peter Abbot of Chtgny , wherein this f*ni*J,b'lQ'- Alfonfo is called Imperator Hifpanus , Magnus Chrijliani Populi Princeps. And fbme other antient Kings of that Country have had the fame Title, as out of the Spaniff) Stories , i Hieronymo de Zcv alios a great Lawyer of y **<*&. i* cog. Toledo, Valdefius z and other fuch, have largely obferved. "*" f" J*"
The Dukes alio of Mufcovy which antiently ufed no other title than gi»ff.\%. Weliki kjtefi, that is, in Ruffian, Great Dulles, have had of later times this ^'b^e Digni~ title of Emperour or Czar , which Bafilius, that was Duke about M. D. ftlnilf'ln, ' XX. firft took to himfelE Yet this title he ufed not to all Princes. In his Letters to the Emperour, the Pope, the King of 'Swet bland and Dane- mark, the Governours ofPruJfia and Livonia, and to the great Turk, he ufed it, but not to the Polonian. Becaufe (as myaAuthour fines) * sig'fauHd. neither of thole Princes would endure any new Title in each others SS^e^ij Letters 5 although this Bafilius his Son, John BafiUowich , in his Letters g*.&oft<wii. to the King of Poland, called himfelf Czar, which is, Emperour or King, "p- <" but he was never refaluted from the Polack^ by other name than Great Duke , as Gaguin tells us. At this day his Succeffbrs uie the name of Emperour or Imperator totius Rujfi£ , or b Magnus Dominus , Czar atq--, b wM*. <* Magnus Dux totius Ruffi£, &c. or Dei gratia Imperator & Magnus Dux txf^j't'Jni'; totius Rulfi£ atq'-, univerforum Tartari£ Regnorum aliorurnqj plurimorum 158'. The dominiorum Monarchi£ Mofcovitic£ Dominus & Rex , as I read in Let- Ruffian c°™" ters of fafe-conducrc given by the laft Demetrius , who fubferibed him- p^p.iw/- felf Demetrius Imperator. Other Princes give this Emperour fometimes "'^pi. the fame d Title 5 but the Neighbour Princes itile him ufually but Great aSt/So* Duke. And in the League between Rodulph the II. Emperour of Ger- dnt.R.eg.Eii- many , and the laft Grand Signior Achmet agreed on in the year M. DC. ^^\tt„u VI. it was among other things concluded d that they might both in their 1. pg. 339. Letters or other wife at their pleafure , ufe the name of Emperour. jf?'?®*"*'
C 2 The ;,£, 4,
20
Titles of Honor. Chap. IL
.Z^Atlw- The fame Title is attributed to " Prefior -John , and fome others.
ta Hifi. ufthi-
Vit. ttfm. y Neither is the ufe 0f this Title of Emperour in the ftile of other Princes any injury to the Emperour of Germany , who is commonly fo known by that name as if it were only proper to him. Indeed divers Civilians , efpecially of Italy and Germany, which profefc the old Laws of Rome, tell us, that the Emperour is at this day, of right, LordOfThe tjlwf. Whole Worldox Earth , as their 'Text alfo affirms , betides divers other aug.KM. flattering Paflages in good Authours of the antient Empire 5 as that ofCorippus to the Emperour Jujiin,
Deus omnia regno.
Subpedibus dedit ejje tuis* s Matkfio, And e Julius Firmkus hath this courtly exprefiion , that tot i us Orbis ter- /.*.».c«M3« rarum fpatiunz Imperatork fubjacet potejiatibus 5 etiamipfum eorumDeo- rum ?;umcro conftitntnm ejje quern adfacienda & confervanda omnia^ Di- vinitas flatuit principalis. And in fome Coins alfo of the old Empe- kc ntmiM rours,theInfcriptionis * VICTOR OMNIUM GENTIUM, as if all afu7'uoiph. Nations whatfoever had then been conquered by them;and divers other ctt.fg. 552- fuch ]jke are obvious. Neither could lefs follow, if this were true, than that none befldes the Emperour of Rome or Germany (which now hath fucceeded into the place of Rome) might juftly ufe this great Ti- tle, which denotes the higheft Sovereignty. But it is moft clear that neither antiently nor at this day there is any fiich title , as Lord of the nhole World , really due to him, and that divers other Princes , as the Kings of England, Scotland, France, Spain, befide others, have their Supremacy, acknowledging no fuperiour but Gfldhimfelf, and may eve- ry way as juftly (as the Emperour of Rome) be ftiled Emperours, or by any other name which exprefles the fulleft height of Honour and Dignity. Firft for the antient extent of the Roman Empire 5 it is plain that it had its Clanjira , as Tacitus calls the limits of it. And when un- der Trajan it was at the greateft , being enlarged beyond Euphrates (which in the time of Augustus was the Eaftern limit of it , and by Ha~ drian was again brought to be fo) it comprehended not the thirtieth iita etiam ^ i part 0f the whole Earth , neither had it ever in this Kland any further *ubM.i'J£. frontier than about Edinburgh in Scotland^ and in the declining times, 9. it was daily ftraightened , both by the revolt of divers Nations that
were a part of it, and by the incurfions of Inch as had never been yet conquered by the power of it. And plainly, at the height, it acknow- ledged fome to be Liberi Vopuli Regejq'-,, or free and fiipreme States and kff.ie capti- Kings, as the very words are of k Paulm a great Lawyer of the antient vui.ip&n. Empire. Then in the later times we foe that, befides the States of A(ia3 Afrique , and America , the greateft Kings of Europe have from many Ages been abfolutely fupreme , without any kind of colour of fobje- cYion to the Empire. As for the Kings of Spain ; thofe great Lawyers of that Country, Valde(ius, Burgo de Paz, Diego Perez, Fer dinandoVaf- ques , Couvarttvias, Hieronymo de Zevallos , and iiich more make it clear, that the King of Spain is from antient right free from all colour of this kind of dibje&ion. The fame in the Kingdom of France is juftified Jfl.rui'.i'. Dy tno^e Fre"cb Lawyers, Bodin, Chajjan<eus, Bignon, Carolus de Grajfa- i,b.i.cap.i.8t ljjs , and divers others. And for England $ howfoevcr in a Letter of V^mUtI" Complement from our Henry II. longfince written to ' Frederique Bar- its Jufitces barojja, fome kind of fobjection may fecm to have been acknowledged C*d^7«!if.i* t0 Emperour of Germany, and although our Richard I. in his Capti- on. "" ' ' vity,
Chap. II. The Firfl Part. 2 1
vity, Confilio Matrk Ju<e depofuit fe de Regno Anglic & tradidii illttd 1m- peratori ( that is to Henry VI. ) ficut univerforum Domino , C^ invcftivit eum per pileum fuum , as the words of Roger of Hoveden are 5 yet be- fides the releafe of this pretended right made by the lame Emperour Henry at his death, we find that the Authority of all Publique Notaries created by the Emperour or his Count Palatins was forbidden here for this caufe , Eo quod m Regnum Anglia ab omnijtibje&ione imperiali (it m Derf.dauf. Uberrimum , as the words are in a Conftitution of King Edward II. "to -Mta?*' this purpofe. And it appears that in the elder times , Publique Nota- ries (who derived their Authority either from the Pope or Emperour) were not at all nor were rarely admitted in any ufe in this Kingdom 3 n conflh.oihc- however the old ° Canonifts deliver that Notaries created by any o- & ' c^TZa- ther than the Emperour or the Pope , gained no credit to the Inftru- <"» C «*. /. it ments they teftified. But indeed in thofe times with us , the credit of f^-f^t* Evidences and legal Inftruments was juftified by anthentique Seals of /rum.Edit.§T the Parties., and not by the fubfcription of Notaries. But alio under 8- reftat' our Henry the V. when Sigijmimd the Emperour came hither with a ^ZlffjIZ. purpofe to make a Peace between our Henry and the French King , he xov.tit.de &'- was not admitted before he had made folemn profefiion to the Duke of deI¥rum-dl- Clocejier (who with a Sword drawn in his hand , pronounced that he knew no other Emperour here than the King ) nihil fe contra jupcriori- tatem Regis pretexere , as it isobferved out of Titus Livius , who P then p Amifautie wrote the Ads of Henry the V. and the French war. But for the Kings 3.ur? MwMi of England, to this purpofe, there falls fbmewhat more in the next Chap- §"$# ' 1'eap'2' ter touching the Title of King of Kings. Upon a like ground of meet1 Supremacy was that Law made by James III. of Scotland , wherein it is ordained, that Sen 1 our Soverain Lord hes full jurifdiHion (fb are the q Pari $.Jau words of the Ad) and fez Empire within this Realm, that his Hicnefmay 1- cat' *• make Hot ares and Tabelliones qualm infiruments fall have full faith in all Caujes and Contrails within the Realm -, And in time to come that na No- tar be maid or to be maid by the Emperour s Authority , have faith in Con- trails civil within the Realm, lefs then he be examined be the Ominar and apprieved by the Kings Hienefi. Which Ad asalfb that Refer ipt of our Edward II. before cited , were made to prevent that pretended Right which the Emperours challenge to them and their Count Palatins } ia the making of Publique Notaries which may have credit no lets uni- verfally than as if every place where they come , were fubjed to the Authority r by which they are created. The fame Supremacy is ac- r spn. til. L knowledged in the Kingdoms of Danemark,, Toland , and elfewhere. I,,llr»n'-ed'-. Whence alfb it was that when Alfonfo the IX. ofCaffile , would define fia7.witt"~ what Kings were (after he had difpatched the particulars that belonged bnh- r*rMh. to the Emperour) he fries that they are, every one in his Kingdom , the jwilf. *&» Vicars or Vicegerents of God, placed over the People to govern them, cbien ajfi come el Emperador en fit Imperio , that is , no otherwife than as fp««^.2.»/'f. the Emperour in his Empire. Therefore alfb Antoninus fpeaking of *'**}•*&** the difference between the Emperours Title which he hath before he is crowned , from that which he bears afterward (for , before he is to be named King of the Romans , and afterward Emperour ) taxes it as an abufe in expreffion, f ghta\i minus fuerit (as his words are) Regem quam tcWf***/ Imperatorem ejje , qu£ barbara perverfitas dicenda ell. Taking plainly *'»•"«¥. *°. the title of King , as it is , to be fupreme in the greater Monarchies of §" '" Europe. But for this matter ( which is indeed of it felf mofl clear ) whofbever fhall be troubled with the obvious Opinions and Arguments
of
22
Titles of Honor.
Chap. III.
of the Civilians, as especially of that Keopolitan Marta, Zoannettus, and the like , who attribute all temporal Supremacy to the Empire of Ger- many > as it hath Succeeded to Rome ? let them more fully by particu-
a Dejure Ma-
yjlauslib. I. cap. 2.
b Commeutar. i Print if urn inter ipjos pre- rogative. Ji- nx i(5 1 >. C trali.de cog- nit, per viam ziolcnlixgloff. lZ.Dtfput. Re- gal, l.&de jure belli lib.lt
larsSatisfie themfelvcs out of thofe learned and judicious Lawyers that live under the Empire , Henningius a Arnijaus , aivlb Bernardus Zierit- zius , befides c the Spanifh Zevallos , AlbericusGcntilis , and Some more of the difcreeter Civilians, who have both Singularly disputed this que- stion, and havcalfb vindicated the Rights of lupreme MajeSty to other Kings of Europe , nothing at all derogating from the true Dignity of the Empire. And for the ufe of the title of Emperour in the ftilcs of other Kings thus much. And hitherto , of the title of King , as it denotes a Supreme upon Earth j whence (according to the courfe propoSed) we come both to the Same title as it is Subordinate, and to thofe great ltiles of Honour King of Kings, and Great King, which it Supportcth.
Chap. III.
I. Of the title <?/King , as it is Subordinate in Subject-Princes. With fome particulars of the Kingdom of the Ifle of Man.
II. The Title of King of Kings , and Great King. With the old Ce- remony of giving Earth and Water injlead 0/Homage.
III. Offolcmn killing the Feet, Hands or Lips of Supreme Princes, and of Adoration.
He Name of King, as it denotes a Subject or Subordinate Prince, occurrs either for Such as are Suppofed Tenants to the Emperour or Supreme Monarch , which are very obvious , or elfc for the Sons of Kings. Thofe of the firSt kind are frequent in the Roman Story , as we fee in the Kings that were constituted under the Empire in Parthia, Armenia, Arabia, Perfia, Jurie, and other Parts of the World. For they had (as Tacitus faies) injirumentafervitntis & Reges. Whence it is that in Some Coins of Trajan we have REGNA ADSIGNATA, and REX PARTHIS DATUS , and the like. Thence is it that Arri- aiu in his Periplus Ponti Euxini, infcribed to the Emperour Adrian , fb often mentions Kings with the Notes of *t@- £* n mTfii <& o-S tW /Wi*h<u> '*Xi, juch a one holds his Kingdom as given him by your Father, and SV©- m- e?. ox rU @*<ri\H<w %x4 > fuch an one holds his Kingdom as given him by your a hi leg. Jul. fe/r And m tne Laws of Rome it was capital a to him cuius dolo malo
tAa\eftattsl.iiJ_cJrt r> . , r . * f
cujujqut. jatium eritquo Hex extern Natiows Populo Romano minus obtemperet , as
Sc<evola's words are 3 as if all Forrcign Kings had been their Subje&s.
Neither is the holy Story without the Testimony of fuch Kings. For
there we have divers Kings that were Subjects to Kederlaomer King of
hV,'dii>Rcade' E^dfn ^ anc* other like are in the fucceeding Times. And in the later
ii.oit'on'jes. Ages , the Emperour of Germany hath created Some Dukedoms and o-
B.-afiofub an. thc t Territories into b Kingdoms, making the Kings his Tenants Feuda-
li 8(5. thtoio- ° p ° °
ric. d> Nitm in vita Joannis PP.Z2.pag. -\6SSc. J oh, Hub r avium hifi.Bohem.li b.6.Helmond.hifl.Slavorum lib.i.cap. 8. Arnold. Lubecenf. Slavorpm. HI. 6. cap. a. Antonin. hifi. part. 3. tit. ip. cap. 6. §. I. Choppin. de Domanio Irancix, lib. 2. tit. 1. Paul Jon in Legat. Aiojcovit. 3 S igifmund. in reb. Mofcovitic. Cofmam Pragenfem hifi. Bohem. an. 1086. Laert. Cherubin. Btillar. tern. 1 p.37,38,40. alios item qui Reges,tim a Ponti fice Romano quam ablmperatore.con- fiitutos/altem prxttnfum a Pontifice Return conftituendorum Jasracminerc. Id nos heicconfulto prjetermiffiraus.
taries,
Chap.IH. The Firft Fart. 23
taries, yet crowning them and giving them Merum Impernwi) or power of the Sword, or of Life and Death, as the Ceremony of the inveftiture imported,which was by the Delivery of a Sword. Ejiemm (faith c Otto c Degejt. r«* of Frinfinghen, (peaking of theufe of the Emperours Court) conjuetudo ^'.5' &'g««- curix^ut Regno, per Gladium^Provincite pervexil/uma Principe tradantur ther.iib,i.A»- vel recipiantur.This was the common Ceremony of Inveftiture of a fab- fi"*dts- ordinate King, as it is alfb juftified by that of Guntherus fpeaking of Frederiqne Barbarojja his giving a Kingdom to one Brother and a Duke- dom to the other, when they were at difference who of them fhould be King. The Emperour being at Afersburg, commands them both to come before him., and there fb determines it,
. s Vt quaedam Provincia tota Guidoni
Cedent^ at Regnum cum nomine Petrus habcret. Ergo ubi vexillo partem quam diximus ille^ Hie autem gladio Regnum fufcepit ab ipfo (Hunc etenim longo Curia nojira tenet) -
(Hunc etenim longo fervatum tempore morem
But alfb at or fbon after the time of thefe kind of Inveftitures, a Crown (which the lame Authour calls brevius Diadema in regard of the Em- perours) and other Regal Ornaments were commonly given , yet not (as I conceive) fb much for a neceilary part of the Ceremony of Inve- ftiture , as for a fblemn atteftation of it , the reality of the Inveftiture in the Empire confifting only or chiefly in the delivery of the Sword, though at Rime the Inveftiture of fome Kings, that by the pretence of that See have had the Originals of their Dignity from thence only, ap- pears to have been by the Popes giving or lending the Crown,Scepter,, and Bull of Creation without any Sword, as we fee in that of Inno- dLaitt.cherH^ cent the Third's J Creation otCalojoannes into the title of King of Bui- hin- **%*• garia. I fay, of fome Kings j for otherwife we fee that by the very &*,<&.%&& Pontificalc a of Rome, the Sword is to be given by the Metropolitan to ec.»p.8. /j«5«* an elected King as if he received it by the immediate gift of him au- i^g.zoi.' thorized by that See to make the Inveftiture. And as there was a known form of Inveftiture of fubordinate Kings , fo is there found a Prefcript alfb for the quality of him that might be thus made a King f Ve j,ac r, by the fEmperour. In a little old Book Printed at Park 1539. titled "»/«'«, Cuf- La division du monde , I read} Le Prince que veult fon pais ejlre reduit en /^"^Peiritm' royaumc il doit aver quatre Duchcz tcnans I'une a I' autre , a chajcune Du- de Vincis lit. chc quatre Citcz,., & que elles ne foient tcnus que de luy^ & chdfcun City une £ fy'fc6'!?'
,7 r ^ 1 r a iJ r / J1 r J J n J H< tor- a Jijp .
Archevejque.) & a chajcttn Archevejqueaix Evejques que nous appeuons Pro- de itui'n c</>.
vinccs. ou autrement il nc poit eflre Roy. Et ft doit faire Roy per I' Empc- ie '•?"" '"
dr > - . l J„ i- 1 J r feudumd.ui<,
?■ Je j aire Corounner en allant par divers luy come Jon Maieur , ou ■g-ft
faire taut que V Empereur vait en jon pais pour le corounner , which is al-
moft but the fame that was before publifhed in that which they call La
Salade (a book of matter of Dignity and Honour, written in very old
French^ and revived into the fame tongue of the later Ages by Michael •
le Noir under Francis the firft in 1 5 2 1 . and then firft printed) as I learn,
out of fome parts of it communicated to me by Mr. William le Neve,
7io)\ Herald, a Gentleman of Angular induftry and ability in whatib-
eyer belongs to this kind of obfervation. It was printed by the fpe-
cial leave and direction of Francis the Firft , and therefore alio I
thought it not unworthy of a memory here j though withall I under-
ftand
•
I
I
I
:-
Titles of Honor.
Ch.p.III.
r.r.
c dtnM.lm- btsruj. SUver,
fmlaumf^.
..:<i.l.\
<•.-.* i: '■ ':.
tfrcaDcccxx. f £i IwSrnm. tibXufftuLS,
ItmmOtii E':r. Us. I» hit.
C;tt:n;.iy.2. [. deroferein MrtiJJtn ;'■- ItuJ. -./.-j S. tdmm .-,. Ttmn shAn- gloium ad- min ftara fcribit
2 :■ $.1tukuri-
tmfuftUetttuc. I .l6.alii
ab H;
«* Hscior Batt. I.7A
?.-.C- _ r J -
^» 1MIJ1 &
Hiiiimiu.
.'./jJiC.'j.
h Pj».?. Hoi, 3. nwmfr.l.
Rand not anv ground or reafon . or indeed colour why thoi cone1 ons - are or ever were requisite in the creation of a fubordi ite King. But alio bv the general courfe of fubordinarion . the hi rm
have been Tenants to both Empire?. And in the Ea - no-
thing is more frequent . than to have fubjeft-Kings under be Gr*
nfer and the Mtgmt 5 and other fuch exampl e s are foon met ith. this title of Kins thus nfed, hath been quarrelled at by feme lfevery kind of lubjecrion and this Title were wholly incompatible, "herefore did Francis the firlt of France much diflike, that Charles the ". fkould d call himfelf King tfNafks and Sicih. enjoying thenras the datary or Tenant. And. when PopePnw V. would have mad Co mo At
DukeofF/tfrcv.v;. King of the lame State.the Neighbor Pri bv no means liked it- and the Emperor Maximilian II.anfv.er- directly to the French Kings Emballador about it. Nm babet Italia . ///£
Ca trem : according to that of Martial,
gui Rex f.r Maxime. «*>« babeat.
whence it was that in the Composition of all Controverfie between our Met: n the II. and his Ion Henry ^ who was crowned in : fathen lire time) when the ion would have done homage to father. would not accept it. §jpa Re, tcccit ab eo,
as Hozedens words are : as if liich a title of Dignity, and the doing of homage or exprclung of fubjecrion. could not have ftoo But this and other fuch pillages muft be understood, as th name of King denotes fupremacy 5 the uie of it in this other fen : Co-
ordinate Title, being antient and frequent in the Empire and e where3 and not without examples alfo with us in Fa lor in :
Heptarcl; of our Saxons, fix of the Kings were ufuai'y but as lib the feventh being lupreme. whom thev called c A iuch like, which was as well given to others (the hr AeMaKmgcf Suffix} a? to that Egbt whole C' confifted rather in the (wallowing up ot the other fubject Kin :J to his own Rule, and in the new ftiling the . England (tor he : in rarhamento. faith my f Author, opted Vinton: r/iutazit inki R*gni3 Ac confer. , •..-. -y ' c.teroz
ri Angliam) than in having a larger dominion tha Pre-
deceflors.
The like were thole Kings of the Ifle of M ho were
to the King? of Scrv:.i.: then to the Crown of J r Ring
g Job: and Henry the third) and afterwards to the Kings c andiince again to the Crown of England. They both ftbd th. felves Kings in their Seals inlcnbed w'ith Rex 111 • J / were fo titled by their Superiour Lord- as e fee in that t the third's teftifying. that he had received the b \
'. S cutis quod ddcclus t ." nojter B lex
deMan venit ... rvitium . .-
But they were ahb in later times, titled the Lords of .' miniM.inni<£. by which Title the Dignity Was ootfo reft »ed that therefore the name of King was taken from them. For our us expretly . that the Lords of Man had withal the name ot might uie alio a Crown of Gold : fo &ys i or tr.i'. ' ■
he relates that William /,/...- Earl of
~y.y
'
■ ■
Chap.Hi
The Fir It T
-j
:kat res:
ml*
fold the We Sir William Scrof. WiUitlmus Scrop ( fo ' are his words) » '7 *"*•■*. t\w.Y <& D** " WiUielmo de Monte-acuto Comite de Sarkm, Thfulam iiga, '
v/r , wl h is the old name of the IfleJ cum Corona. Nempe Do- minus hiih-.s ifuLb Rex vacatur^ cui etiam fas cji Core :? corcna- ri. And anrherto the fame purpofein the kpublick Library at Ox- kc
. Esi s illiHS InjuU lit quifquis iUius fit Domi?:;:r-Kzr. - .'}f-
cetur : cui e mfis eli Corona Regis coronari. But in the memories .-».• which remai of the gifts of this Illand made by our Kings, to foci ■ ajJuE have b:-e:i G e vulgarly ftiled Kings of Man, the name c a Ring- ger ,'emt,
domisnot land, but only the title of Lord--, but with the addition of ;-rr'f*.r:-',: holding it a mpl v and as freely as any before had it. And while alfo \\ ?TJ it was in the lands of that William Earl of Salisbury, he titled himfelf^ it feerr. Lord of Man or Scignor de Ma v. For ib I find him in
his Charter aled with the Arms of that Illand quartered with thole ofhis own 1'mily under a Crown that is only fleurywith eight flow- ers whereoifour are much larger than the reft. It was made 22. Febru- arii, 6 Ric, 2. to his beloved Ejquire Robert Sparry, for fettling in him an eftat in fee of divers lands and polTeffions in Sutton, Mount agu, Croathom, ad Croft on Den ham in Somerjetflnre, and came to my hands through the oble favour of the right honourable Hem) Earl of Hun- tingdon. 1 e Earl of Salisbury :s ftile in it is Gilliam Conte de Sarnbtry Seignior de Ian & de V If By the name of Lordihip alio it
was given b Henry the Fourth to Henry Earl of Northumberland, as an Illand conqueft from Sir William Scrop, whereas indeed the
conqueft w; no otherwife than that Sir l, Scrop was taken at
Brisforv and:>eheaded by thofe which were of the part of this Ring lehe ws Duke df Lane after and made his way for the Crown. And the weds of the Patent are mod oblervable. He ' gives him, In- lPttt' ' HfB:4 Julam, Cajtrnr, Telam O" Dominium de Man ac omnia Injulas & Domini a j5. cid-.m Infill de Man pertinentia, qnefuerunt Willielmi le Scrop Chiva- ler defunct r uem nuper in vita y«.* conqueftati fiiimus (j> tpjkm fie con- queftatum & qux ratione conqueftus illius tahqudm corioue-
ftata 1 a manum noflram, qu£ quidem decretum &• conqueftus
infrefentil -lament 0 nojiro (that is., the Parlament of the firft year of his reign: ] a . nfn Dominorum Temporalium in eodem Tarlamento exijlentiumvioadpcrfonampr<efati Willielmi ac omnia terras & tene- ment a Bona - 1 at all a fiat tarn infra dictum r, y;um quam extra ad fupp'.:- cat i one m Ccimunitatis dicfi regni noflri affirm at a exifiunt. But it IS not fb muc a wonder to fee him give it as a Territory acquired by conqueft, i withal it be remembred that he had a purpofe to have chal- lenged th' Crowns of England and Ireland by a title of the Sword and not b Inheritance. But he was dilTwaded from that claim by Sir Williai Tbiming Chief Juftice of the common Pleas , who was employed nder him in his greateft affairs of State : and thence was it alfo tharo give fome fatisfadion to the Parlament that doubted it, he m made publick proteftation, that he would not that any manji thinly thai :y nay of conqueft be would difierit any man of his heritage. lBe*;A - Franchife, • other rights, &c. and therefore alfo he claimed the Crown % '£": by pretenc of hereditary difcent. But for the title to the Ifle of Alan, 5.«Bib'i.B»d- he altered ot his purpofe, it feems, nor did he continue in it without JS£j£J! the confer of the Parlament, that thus affirmed it to be by conqueft. pfg.ySoMti, Some vcai afterward, the Earl of Northumberland forfeited it. and *J5*£ it was in tefame words given to Sir J, hn Stanley ■ to hold it in Fee J^W*
D by »«•
2 1 Titles of Honor. C h a p. III.
ftand not any ground or reafon , or indeed colour why thofe conditi-
b vidtfu'D.D. ons b are or ever were requifite in the creation of a fubordinate King.
'^siiiouf' But air° Dv the generaI courfeoffubordination, the Rings of c Cyprus
llintU.Lm- have been Tenants to both Empires. And in the Eaftern Parts no-
itttnj. suvor. thine is more frequent , than to have fubieft-Kings under the Grand
Sigmor and the Mogor ■> and other fuch examples are loon met with. But
this title of King thus ufed, hath been quarrelled at by fome, as if every
kind of fubjeftion and this Title were wholly incompatible. Therefore
did Francis the firft of France much dillikc, that Charles the V. fhould
d Bodm. JeRt. d call himfelf King of Naples and Sicily, enjoying them as the Popes Feu-
pub.i.cap.9. fat!iTy or Tenant. And, when Pope Tim V. would have made Cojmo de
7lfedices,Duke of Florence, King of the fame State,the Neighbour Princes
by no means liked it, and the Emperor Maximilian H.anfwered direclly
to the French Kings Embaflador about it, Non habet Italia Regcm nifi
Ctfarem : according'to that of Martial,
gui Rex eji Regent, Maxime, no n habeat.
whence it was that in the Compaction of all Controverfies, between oar Henry the II. and his fon Henry (who was crowned in his fathers life time) when the fon would have done homage to his father, the father.would not accept it, ££nia Rexcratfedfecnritateni accepit ab eo, as Hovedens words are : as if iuch a title of Dignity, and the doing of homage or exprelling of (ubjeclion, could not have ftood together. But this and other fuch paflages muft be understood, as the name of King denotes fuprcmacy •-, the ufe of it in this other fenfe, as it is a fub- ordinate Title, being antient and frequent in the Empire and elfe- where, and not without examples alio with us in England. For in that ttitl nd I -i Hept&rchy of our Saxons, fix of the Kings were ufually but as (ubjecls to t.z.Btiahifi. theieventh being luprcme, whom they called e Anglon.m Rex primus, or stdej.i.tap.s. fuch like, which was as well given to others (the firftthat had it, being lExitifirum. Ae 11 a King of Sufi ex} as to that Egbert, whofe Glory and Greatnefi iib.Hojpnai.s. confuted rather in the (wallowing up of the other fubjeft Kingdoms m- Ms."/»<*»f/W'" to his own Rule, and in the new (tiling the Heptarchy by the name of coitoni.tna.1. England (for he,7« Varhamento, faith my f Author, apud Wintoniam ^Mr^Khital- mntav't nomen Regni, de confenfn populifui, &jujfit ilhtd de c<£tero voca- hnf.vhas. ri Angliam) than in having a larger dominion than any of his Pre-
^ro'abA deCeflors-
glorum ad- The like were tho(e Kings of the Ifle of Man, who were fubjecl: firft ventuitadi- to the Kings of Norway, then to the Crown of England (under King foTswllmri- EJ°k" a"d Henry the third) and afterwards to the Kings of Scotland, nifis poUcratic. andfince again to the Crown of England. They both (tiled theffl- abfHe"nRifto! ^vcs ^'ngs m tncn* Seals inferibed with Rex Mannice & Infularum and «» HeBor Bon. were fo titled by their Superiour Lords, as we fee in that of our IL nry 7og'owI'e- tne third's teftifying, that he had received the homage of King Rey- ys.m cotifijf. *old, Sciatis (faith h he) quod d/lecJus & fidcl/s nojier Reginaldus Rex Ama*tis,6t deManvcnit ad fi'dem & fervitiitm nojhum & nobis homaginm fecit. "arZ"c'.RCg. But they were alfo in later times, titled the Lords of Man or Do- Mamiu. ' mini Manni<e, by which Title the Dignity was not fo reftrained that o ?JZ1 f"" therefore the name of King was taken from them. For our ftories tell us cxprelly , that the Lords of Man had withal the name of King and might ufe alio a Crown of Gold : fo fay s Thorn js of IFalfingham, where he relates that WiUiam Montage Earl of Salisbury, under Richard U
fob
I
k
Chap.HI. The Firft Part. 25
fold the Ille to Sir William Scrop. Willielmns Scrop ( (b ' are his words) V'7 *«*•*. emit de Domino Willielmo de Montc-acuto Comite de Sairum, Infulanl i-igT"' ' Euboni/e (which is the old name of the Ifle J cum Corona. Nempe Do- minus hit) us Infills Rex vocatur, cui etiamfas cji Corona aure'a corcna- ri. And another to the fame purpofe in the k pub-lick Library at Ox- k Cbremcmti ford. Esi nempe jus illius Infills ut quifquis illius fit Do minus, Rex. vo- ^H'^H' cetur : cui etiamfas est Corona Regi'a coronari. But in the memories cuijciolut ali- which remain of the gifts of this Illand made by our Kings, to fitch as i*"-,"^" have been fince vulgarly ftiled Kings of Man, the name of King or King- ger t'emeri an- dom is not found, but only the title of Lord , but with the addition of fer prf*"- holding it as amply and as freely as any before had it. And while alfo i^"™ it was in the hands of that William Earl of Salisbury, he titled himfelf, it teems, only Lord of Man or Scignor de Man. For Co I find him in his Charter fealed with the Arms of that Ifland quartered with thoie of his own Family under a Crown that is only fleury with eight flow- ers whereof four are much larger than the reft. It was made 2 2. Febru- arii, 6 Rich. 2. to his beloved Ef quire Robert Sparry, for fettling in him an eftate in fee of divers lands and pofleflions in Sutton, Mount agu, Crowthorn, and Croft on Denham in Somerfetflnre, and came to my hands through the noble favour of the right honourable Henry Earl of Hun- tingdon. The Earl of Salisbury's ftile in it is Gilliam Conte de Sarisbiry Seignior de Man & de V Ifle de Wight. By the name of Lordfhip alfb it was given by Henry the Fourth to Henry Earl of Northumberland, as an Ifland won by conqueft from Sir William Scrop, whereas indeed the conqueft was no otherwife than that Sir William Scrop was taken at En flow and beheaded by thofe which were of the part of this King while he was Duke of Lancajler and made his way for the Crown. And the words of the Patent are mod obfervable. He ' gives him, ///- lPat'} Hf"l4" Jitlam, Cajtrum, Telam & Dominium de Man ac omnia Injidas & Dominia 35. eidem Infula de Man pertinentia, qitsfuerunt Willielmi le Scrop Chiva- ler defunct i quern nuper in vitafux conqueftati fuimus & ipfum fie con- queftatum decrevimus, & qu£ ratione conqueftiis illius tahqndm ccrioue- ftata ccpimus in manum nojlram, qu<e quidem decretum & conqueftus in prefenti Varlamento nojlro (that is, the Parlament of the firft year of his reign: ) de ajfenfu Dominorum Temporalium in eodem Varlamento exifientium quoad perfonam prsfati Willielmi ac omnia terras & tenc- menta Bona & catallafua tarn infra dictum rcgnum quam extra adfuppli* cat ion cm Communitatis dicti regni no fir i affirm at a exiftunt. But it is not 10 much a wonder to fee him give it as a Territory acquired by conqueft, if withal it be remembred that he had a purpofe to have chal- lenged the Crowns of England and Ireland by a title of the Sword and not by Inheritance. But he was diflwaded from that claim by- Sir William Thiming Chief Juftice of the common Pleas , who was employed under him in his greateft affairs of State : and thence was it alfo that to give fbme fatisfacfion to the Parlament that doubted it, he m made a publick proteftation, that he would not that any man jlmild nR.ot. Pari; thin^ that by way of conqueli he would dijlier -it any man of his heritage, l Htn-4-& Franchife, or other rights, &c. and therefore alfo he claimed the Crown JJbKXJ by pretence of hereditary difcent. But for the title to the Ifle of Man, 5.»»Bibi.B«d- he altered not his purpofe, it feems, nor did he continue in it without £^££ the confent of the Parlament, that thus affirmed it to be by conqueft. pag.z6o.tUfi Some years afterward, the Earl of Northumberland forfeited it , and *J"^ff" it was in the fame words given to Sir John Stanley n to hold it in Fee p\rt.^mm$,
D by »»•
25 Titles of Honor. Chap. III.
by the tenure of two Falcons, to be prefented to the King at his Coro- nation 3 whereas the Earl of Northumberland's tenure was to carry the Sword, called Lancafler Sword (being the fame that Henry the IV.. wore when he firft arrived in England) at the Coronations of the Ring and his SuccelTors. By this title it hath continued to this day in the pofterity of Sir John Stanley, the Earls of Derby, who have alfo by the lame grant (as the Earl of Northumberland had ) the Patronage of the Bithoprick of Sodor, and are in common fpeech named Kings of Man. And indeed that having the Patronage of a Bifhoprick is fuch afpecial mark of Royalty in a Subject , as hath not at this day nor for divers ages hath had an example in any Territory of the Crown of England? Although in more antient times there be exprefs teftimo- ny of Sub j efts being Patrons of Bifhopricks in England alfo 5 as we fee o Kfit.cart.x6. jn the » Bifhoprick of Rochester, which was of the Patronage of the %£brln6 Archbifhop of Canterbury, as alio the Advowfon of the Bifhoprick of J'a/r.B«/- Landaffe was p in the Earls ofGloceiter. Like this Title of King of Alan, Ur.mKtcepu was triat of King of the I fie of Wight, in the great Bcauchamp Earl of SS&iMi! Warwick, under Henry VI. who •> wae then crowned Ring of the fame Ed.i.in jut j(]e# such were the old Rings of Ireland under the Crown of England. uufiLtp. jjenry the jj# granted to Roderiqne Ring of Conaght, that he fhould q.H'/i.Teuk»f- enjoy his Territory paying a certain tribute, r & auamdiu ci fideliter bu,l'Mi,'n- fhrviet. ut (it Rex tub eo Par at us ad fervitium fuitm ((cut homo fit us. And
r tranjacuo J. . ' - ■' . . ... M , J , J TTT - i i/- • c ~
inter Bnu. in the f grants made by Ring John and He»ry III. to the Rings or Co- £5* RjJtric.a- „a^t and Tefmond, the like title of itex is often given them, as it is al- fHov*igerM fo obferved by the learned Sir John Davis late his Ma jetties Attorny {cuuf.Kjoh. General for Ireland ; as alfo in the Pipe Rolls of Henry III. his time , i'l"!??' r? . Vet remaining: in Eremiehams Tower in the Caftle of Dublin, fbmetime numb. 1.6. Oncale Rex (upon accounts) lometime Oneale Regulus, denotes the nib- Ben.i.cbatt. jeft-Rings ofthat Country. But it is mod obfervable that fbme of thofe iiLeHdimuf. Kings, though they bore that title, were yet, as they were Rings , fubordinatc even to Earles created there by the Lords of Ireland,and held their Ringdoms or their Regalitatem of them. So much appears in this deed of Covenants for payment of CL Cows, giving of ho- ftages, keeping obedience, and fbme other things, made by Odo 0- »e/Ring of Tcr-Concl in 35 Hen. 3. to Walter de Eurgo or Eurk then t vihfii qux l Earl ofVljicr. Omnibus prtfens fcriptum vifuris vel audit ur is, Odo O- ix tabuinriit nel Rex Renelean, Saint em. Noverit nniverfitas veftra me tcneri Nobili JH'babe'tCam- v*r0 Domino mco, Domino W. de Burgo Comiti Ulton & Domino Con- ienui in Erit. ac. in tribus millibus & quingentis vaccis folvendis eidem videlicet ad f.J-773. feflum omnium fanctorum, anno Regni Regis Henrici quinqitagefimo quar- to Mille vaccas, & ad Nat ale Domini proximefeqnente Mi lie vacats, & ad feflum invention fs S. Crucis anno codem Mille & quingentas vaccas fine ulteriori dilatione. Infuper teneor, liberare Domino Comiti infra, prtenominatum feflum omnium Janet orum quatuor Cbfules, vide licet, Con- \cht filium meumji quomodoipfitm habere pot ero d> filium Ogalmuhtun de legitima fponfi fita procreatum & filium vel fratrem Mackanewel fe- cttndum filium, Okarry alumpntm meum de legitima fponfafua procreatum, vel filium fratris fui. Et (1 obfides pr&nominatos prsfato Domino Comi- ti, utpr£dic7iimefi,nonfcccroliberari, ego teneor red ire ac revert i ad Dominion Comitem & mefubjicere in omnibus Frifona & voluntati fits. Infuper promifi & obligavi me fub poena cxcommunicationis de ce- tero tenere O-cufloclire Alianoram fponfwi meant & Confangmncam Do- mini Comitis bene & hon orifice, eidem fideliter neceffaria minijlr.ando,
Chap. III. The Fir ft Fart. 2 7
C^ omnia jura fua tarn in term quam in aliis bonk qti£ ad eum fpeGtare dinofcuntur,fecundum ufum & confuetudinem terra me<e ftnefraude eidejn rejlitui & rchabcri faciam.Et ad f)£c omnia fupradiB a fideliter & fir miter obfervAndafuper facrofancfa Domino Cotniti pr<ejliti Jur amentum , volcns & concedens fi illud infregero, quod abfit, quod licitum fit Domino Cc- tviti me ejicere a Regalitate quam ab eodem tenere debeo, fine fpe gra- tiam vel mifcricordiam adipifcendi, 8c eandem, cuicunque fibi placuc- rit, fine contradi&ione feu vendicatione mei vel meorum conferre. Et
infuper ob fides pr£nominati pro voluntate fua antur. In cnjus ret
testimonium has literal meas Domino Comiti fieri feci patentes. Dat. a-' pud Aner. fecundo die Octobris anno Regni Regis Henriei quinquagefimo tertio. And obferve here the fpecial Subordination of this King of Tir- conel. For Henry the third had given the year p before the Lordfhip v *■"•?** -fr- of Ireland, to Prince Edward (afterward Edward the firft) and under ^"•*-memk him had that Walter de Burke the Earldom of Vljier, and under the Earl;, this Odonnel his Kingdom. The ufe of the Original, whence I took this, was vouchsafed me among other things by that mod noble and learned Lord the late Earl of Leicester. It was left in the Cabi- nets of his Father, Sir Henry Sidney that had been thrice Lord Deputy of Ireland. And of the firft kind of Subjects that have the title of Kings, hitherto.
The Second kind are the Sons of Kings. But I make them not apart in this Divifion from any other ground than the paflages of fbme fbrrekm Lawyers that affirm as much : there is a frequent opinion „ among them, that i F 71110 Regis Rex vocari debet, quamvis regnum non Aze-jei.t» habeat, and that he is Rex quoad nomen & dignitatem, but not quoad j 11- c°»ft't-R.fg. rifdiEtionem,adminijlrationcr,i, vel alia jimilia qu£ refpiciunt Dominium. ^.^.Didaf.'pe- But at this day, as I conceive, there is no ufe of this appellation in the rezin hg.ca- fons of any Kings, howfoever in the antienter times about DCCC^'^*^"^ years fince, the fafhion in Spain was that thefonsofthe Kings there., jmeprimigepi- in their fathers life time were ftiled fb both by their fathers and by °Jum l^i1-'^- themfelves, as Ludovicus de Molina r hath noted out of the Charters {d, nifp.m. of Privilege given by them which reigned in the age immediate after *>«««««* King Telagufs , to the Churchs of Oviedo, CompojlelU, and others : j**,? "*" 6' and the like occurrs in the elder times of the State of France. And in the old Eaftern Empire, the Lady Anna Comncna, daughter to the Em- peror Alexius, is ftiled B*C'*'«aa that is, Queen, in the title of her Alexia- dos. But the Lawyers do not otherwife allow that name to the fbns of Kings, than they do the name of Duke, EarI,or Marqucfsy to the fbns ofCDltliel Dukes, Earls, or Marqucfles, whereof more in the fecond Part. And fc«na iia for the name of King thus applied, you may fee Alfonfo de Azevedo, Di- jcairrVn daciis Perez, Molina,Ttraqnel, and others which they cite to the fame <lu° nomine purpofc. fmTR;m:
■r r Imperarorem
vettiftifT..Rab-
II. The title of King thus applied to Subjects, was the caufe of J^cfj? that great Attribute of King of Kings , ufed by fome fupremeMo- ftliteranim narchs. It was firft in the Ajjyrian Empire. Nabuchodonofor f is fb Cdu>? vi'^0 ftiled in the holy Story ,being then King of Babylon. And after the tranf- f,utlm'J*' lationof this Empire to the Persians, Artaxerxes Mnemon in his com- Trebei.Foill- miffion to Ezra, for the reftitution of Jerufalem and the Temple , thus Jjj Valir!s' falutes him. Artaxerxes (or Arthahajia, as irithe Original) King of t EuflMb.ai Kings to Ezra the Priefi. And on the great Cyrus his Tomb this Epi- jf™//;™*?; taph was written in Perftan Characters, if you believe r the Authors graflL'if, that have it 3 D 2 Er$*P'
28 Titles of Honour. Chap.III.
tDkior l; thatis, Here I Cyrus lie who was King of Kings : which title alo, that Moth. a'. conquering e Scjoofs King of Egypt (the (lime with Sefoflris in Herodo- tus) attributed to himfelf in his erected Columns of Victory. And rl at arch reports thatTigrattef, King of Armenia, was angry and would not vouchfafe to anfwer Lucul/usjTizi.nt.i*, ^'wo, ium » B%<riKi*tU Tuivrohf 5r£>«^tu»i',i.e.becau(e in his Letter he hacljliled him King only and not King of Kings. The life alfo of this title among the Parthian Kings,is exprefly feen in the lives of Augidlus and Vcfpaftan in Dio and Xiphilin. The lame title had Artaxerxes Longimanus ctPerfid, as we fee in the fEpiftle (Hipf ocrai. in 0f Hippocrates, where he is calfd alfo Bta-ixi'd^iyat, i.e. the great King. This of Great King was likewife ufed in the firft Empire : we read in the ftory of Judith, in the name of the Affyrian Emperor, thus faith the great King, Lord of all the Earth. And the Prophet Efay, So faith the great King, the King ofAffur. The fame, applied to the rerfian, occurrs in Herodotus, Xenophon,Jofephm, the Apocrypha of Elt her, Plutarch and ftftopbjM.in A-fchylus. And the bare s name of I Ba.<n\&g, i. c.The King, without ad- #wn5n. dition, is efpeciallyufed for the Terfian, whence the Nation is h ftiled
h Dionyf.Ajtr. ^Q > hrwUcnW-mlo, id,©-, that is, The mosl Kinqly Nation. So that
both thole titles or King of Kings, and Great King, were common to thofe Emperors of the two firft Empires, as alfo (if we believe the hi- ftory of Judith) that ceremony of receiving an acknowledgment of Regal fupremacy f which by the way I note here, becaufe it was as the homage received by Kings in that time, from fuch Princes or People as lhould acknowledge themfelves under their fubjeftion ) by the acceptance, upon their demand, of Earth and water. This de- . . mand is often fpoken of, as ufed by the rerfian? and a fpecialex-
Meip°om.ikvi- ample of it in Darius his ; Letters to Indathyrfus King of the Scythi- defis Epifi. ans, where he firft invites him to the field, but, if he would not,then, r.irfrx.:id fi- Atl™°T? *? <™ <?*>&■ 1*1°" THNniCj TAHP 'iK$t a Koy*t, i. e. bringing to your So- nem Hippo- vereign <as gifts, Earth and water, come to a parley. And, one of Xerxes km I biff 9 his Embafladors fhat came to demand k Earth and Water of the State in or,tt. Lucij- of Lacedamon, to fatisfie him, was thruft into a Well, and Earth caft ci. & de hoc in upon him. But indeed I find it not referr'd to the Ajfyrian Empire t.ncb.'iu thtmi- except only in Judith, where the King commands Olophernes that he fiode. lhould bid all the Weftern Nations ini^w (ui ynt $ Way, i.e. prepare
lDt"l{'°/fn' me Earth and Water :, And thence a moft 'learned Man of this Age, makes it indifferent to both Empires. Nor is this cuftom altogether mHifl.ixat. a ftranger doubtlefs to that which m Pliny fpeaks of; Summum (faith he} apiid antiquos lignum victoria erat, Herbamporrigere viBos,hoc est, terra e^ altrice ipfa humo , & humatione etiam cederc : quern morem etiam nunc durare apud Germanos fcio. Whence the phrafe Herb am nsroMiwCj" dare or porrigere, came to denote yielding ; applied n moft of all to o^inAntiqui. tnofe which loft in Games of running , leaping wraftling, and fuch tuib.apudser- like. In Agonibus (faith0 Varro ) herbam in modttm palm<e dat aliquis ™"j" '" "*• ei cum quo contendere non cupit, <&fitetnr effe mcliorem. And,by a fan- cy applied, it feems,to thefe kind of ceremonies, the taking up of fill; amongft water out ofa Well, was interpreted as a promife of the Do- pSem,u*p,A. minion p of the Sea, to the Athenians in their facrifices in Delosj as f"";^'p"°~ aJfo, iwhtvi Wi//iam the Norman firfthnd'mg at Haflings in Suffex, fell down, ftumbling as he came out of his fhip 5 Ton haze pojjejf ion ofEn~
gland
■ - - - .
Chap.HI. The Firfl Part. 29 : — ■ - —
tfand, Sir, and you pall be King ( * laid one of his Knights) and ob- <5 M.,imedur- fervine that r he had took up Sand and Earth in his hand, he added ; ''{?*** Jui And you have taken Livery and Seijm of the Country But, this is fbme- mc.ap.Camd. what out of the way. That of King of Kings, hath alio been ufed by '»#<%«'»• other States befides any of thofe Empires. After the Persians, their neighbours the Parthians had it. Regem etiam Regttm & exercitatione venandi & conviUu Megifianum abfiinuijfe, quod apud Parthosjuliitii in- jiaresl, are the words of { Suet on upon the death oiTiberius : whence, li»c*iigu\. it feems , it was left long after to f the Prince of Armenia, ftiled ca? s- vM* *A?x«» #f 'A^vTar, i.e. u The Trince of Princes ,as the elder Valerian was vlfailnajk alfo exprefly titled in Letters of an Eaftern King. Of the Egyptian ibi cafauion. Sefoslris, before. And when Antony, to render himfelf to Cleopatra , \^J\ )*°tr~d. brought her the King of Armenia captive, and then liberally gave «imimft.Rjm. her fons both Armenia, Parthia, and India, he titled them x Kings of ImP-™p-4i- Kings, and ftampt monies alfo with this Infcription , y Regin<e Regum inVaierif».L filiorum Regum Cleopatra. How the later Emperors afre&ed it,I remem- Pr;nceps ber not. But Maximilian 's jeft was, that whereas others were Reges V.xipmT,n Hominum, he was Rex Regum, becaufc his fiibjefts would do but only Jugujio. what they lift. But it is alfo found among the titles of the Kings ofyJeMolt'h-0"0 England, when under them they had Kings for fubje&s. In a Charter ££?&. *v made to the Abbey of Malmesbnry, in DCCCC. LXXIV. the like ftile is. Ego Edgar us totius Albionk Bafileus, necnon maritimorum feu In- fu Ian or urn Regum circumhabitantium. And in z another DCCCC. LXIV. zPat.i.rJ.4. the fubfeription is : tfr Ego Edgar Bafileits Anglomm & Imperator Re- Part-*- memb, gum Infularum. Note the Majefty of his title, well juftified by his ^Zl'm- own Conquefts. Ille cum ingenti Claffe (faith Florence of IVorcejlcr) gem. feptentrionali Britannia circumnavigata, ad Legionem Z)rbem( that is Che- fler) appulit. Cui Subreguli ejus 0U0 Kinathusfcilicet Rex Scotorum,Mal- colmus Rex Cumbria, Maccus plurimarum Rex Infularum ( this Maccus is, in Malmesbnry, called Maccufuts Archipirata 5 he was then King of Man, and fome adjacent Ides) & alii quinque Dufnallus, Siffrethus, Hudwal- lus, Inchillus (all Kings of Wales ^ ut mandarat, occurrerunt & quod f'oi fideles, terra & mari, cooperatores effe vellent, juravermit. Cum quibns die quadamfcapham afcendit, illifqj ad remos locatis, ipfe clavum gnberna- culi arripiens,per curfum fit minis De<e, perite gubernavit, glorying after - terward to the Nobility, tunc demum quemq^fnorum fuccefforum fe glori~ ari pojfe Regem Anglorum fore, cum tot Regibus fibi obfequentibus potiretur pomp'i talium a honorum. The like almoft being before in his Uncle A- T thcljlan, who ("as Malmesburies words are J Ludrcalum Regem omnium run£*« ;?»1«'> Wallenfium ( I read Occidentalium Wallenfuim, as Florence of Worcester g*t.cod.r;o- and Roger of Hove den perfwade '-, and that Ludrval was Hovel Dha :)& w^V™' Conjlantinum Regem Scotorum cedere Regnk compulit. Quos tn. non multo poft miferatione infraUus in antiquum Jiatumfubfe regnaturos conftituit, gloriofius effe pronunci an s Regem facer e qnam Regem effe 5 which was ex- preft in that upon Charles b Martels tomb. b.h'.:ero».Bi^
ttott, Del' excel*
Non vult Regnarefed Regibus imperat ipfe :
imitated in more true Verfe, thus :
C'efi ce Mart el le Prince de Franc.ofr Non Roy de nom, mak le Maijire des Roy.
da Ropjliurf}-,
'JV
But
^o Titles of Honor. Chap. III.
But for that of Atheljlan, becaufe fbme make flight of the report and
d tr.Buch.iuM. endure d not the ufual authorities that prove it,you may fee the concent
*£.7Sa.S«f& of Ethelroerd, Hoveden , Florence of Worcester ; Henry of Huntingdon,
dehacreprx- and other Antients. But thofe fubjeft Rings alfb fully maintain that
SbnSE Title of Emperor lnEdgar'sMe, and (hew the higheft note of fu-
Am:f*'umJc preme Dignity in him, that the Emperor of Rome could any way chal-
jurcMaje/tatis jenge . although no argument fb really juftifie the fupreme title of Em-
§.4, ' peror in our Sovereigns, as their own independent Right, which was
juftly challenged and preferved by our Edward III. when the Emperor
Lewes of Baveire would have had him kift his feet in their enterview
at Cologne. The Emperor (faith Waljingham) thought much quod Rex
Anglis nonfefubmifit ad ofcula pedum fuorum. But the King of England
anfwered him that he was Rex inunllvs, & habet vitam &■ membrum in.
Totcjlatcfua, &idcirco non debet fe fubmittere tantum, Jicut Rex alius:
meaning that the King of Engla nd Was no way different in fuprema-
cy or independency from the higheft Emperor whatfbever. Neither
have the moft judicious Lawyers of the Empire any other reafbn of
their Emperors Dignity or Precedence before other fuch abfblute
j^ktuMi * Kings, than as the words of the moft learned e Arnifaus are , $ubd
cap.^.i. omnia Regna fuperat Imperium antiquitate , which (admit it were
clearly true ) can be no caufe of Superiority though it may be of
Precedence.
III. That of Kiffing of the Emperor's feet ( which occurrs here and not untimely to be obferved) was derived from the oldufe of it in the height of the Roman Empire, which yet was fomctimes turned - . . into killing the hand, the knee, or the lips. For, whereas it was ufual
«ff.5.'de Her-' either to k.ifs fthe Images of their Gods, or, adoring them, to ftand culisftaraa.CS' fbmewhat off before them, fblcmnly moving the right hand to the lips fepTfii'ut'an- and then, caftingit as if they had caft kifies , to turn the body on tiim.&c. the fame hand (which was the right form of Adoration) it grew alfb by url&'piw.'' cuftornj firft that the Emperors being next to Deities, and, by fbme, hifi.z%.cap.z. accounted as Deities, had the like done to them in acknowledgment ahrsc videfls Q£- fa^ Greatnefs. Neither was it wanting to fbme ofthe Roman Ge- is.&'joi!i'i. nerals, before the Empire began, as we fee in the ftory of Cat 0 Minor, mH.36.fSii. whofe handsthcfbuldierskift,infpecial honour of him at his departure^ A4verf.i*q>.i being a favour which few ' of his place in thofe daies received among 0* Lipf.Eted.z the Romans. And for kiffing the Lips alfb, it is apparent that at
de^Adoratio1- ^r^ lt was very u^a^ *n tne Empire. Ofcula cottidiana ffaith Sueton, nishujufmodi of Tiberius )prohibuit editto. Yet his Edicl: againft them, fb took not more viden- tne ufe away, but that it was frequent, after him, in their falutations. doftiffimusc/. The reading of Martial alone tells every man enough of that. But, saimajiusm when fbme of his Succeffbrs could not content themfelves with the bum.' '" name of Man, but would be call'd Jupiter, befuppos'd carnally to lie i Plutarch, in with Venus and the Moon, and upon their infinite fuch like fanatick hac re^vide conceits, pretended themfelves to be Divine $ they were not fatisfied cum j»Br«f9, with thofe ufual cuftoms, but they thought themfelves much wrong- ratv Cc"^U ec^ an(^ tne'r majefty impaired if they, who faluted them, prefumed farcm. to kifs above their Feet 5 although fbme of them alfb permitted their
Hands, and Knees to the better rank. Examples of kiffing their Feet kDioCajp. and Hands are in k Caligula (and in him firftj and of the Knees, Feet,
and Hands in the younger Maximin 5 yet his father the elder Maxi- ^M^ximmo^ miit> though a Tyrannical and moft wicked Prince, would ' fuffer mm. none
Chap.HL The Firft Part. 91
none to his Feet 3 Dii prohibeant ( were his words) ut quifquam inge-
ituorumpedibm meis ojculumfigat. But Diocletian (as Pomponius L<etm
writes) conftituted by Edict, //fz omnes^ fine generis difcrimine^ projha-
ti pedes exofcularentur : quibus etiam venerationcm quandam adhibuit
exornans calciamenta auro^ gemmk^ & margaritk. As the Bifhop of
Rome doth for thofe which kifs his Foot 5 being in a crimfon k velvet kB«fingn<>cb.
(hoe with a golden croft on it. A ceremony antiently ufed to other ^J"'
Bifhops ' and great Prelates as well as the Pope. But, of this cuftom lc*/a«*«».E^.
to the Emperors. Tenuere ("faith Lipfiits) fttperbum^ fit dicuM impmtfi BmnuMu'"
hunc morem (quid n. homo^ infra, hominem0 hominem abjicis ? ) Principes
aliquot fecuti, fed none bonis. And of one of their bell: Pr'mccs^Alexan-
der Severus0 it is delivered by Lampridius, that Salutabatur nomine^ hoc
eft) Ave Alexander. Si quk caput flexijfet, aut blandius. aliquid dixifiet
itti adulator 0vel abjiciebatur^fi loci ejus qualitas pateretur^vel ridebatur in-
gcnti cachinno^ff ejus dignitas graviorijubjicere non pojjet injuria. And
™ Martial in Trajan's time, rejects thole bafe flatteries that had been u- raL,l''x°.Z'
fed to Domitian0 and
AdjTarthos, faith he, proculite Pileatos3 Et inopes humilefque fupplicefque PiUorumfola Borate Regum.
That, to the Knee, was of later time in the n Eaftern Empire , which n HdmcU.bfi, Conrad III. extremely dillik'd at his enterview with Emanuel Comncnus: J. edit-iu£ neither would he, for honour to the Perfon he did bear (being Empe- neccii.i-.u»- rour of the Weft) fb much as permit the Emperour Emanuel to fit and ^ZXT! ' receive a kifs of falutation from him ftanding. Whereupon the matter was compos'd by their Counfellours on both fides, fb, that in Equis fe vidcrent^ <&■ ita ex parilitate Convenientesfedendofe& ofcnlando faluta- rent. Neither would Mulealfcs, King of Tunis > kifs Pope Paul III. his Foot, but his Knee only. But killing the Hand of great Princes is yet ufnal, and it is offered frequently as a teftimony of ferviceable love to other great Perfbns j as it was antiently °alfb. Tneji (faith Pliny) in ^d™"*'^^ aliis partibits qu<edam rel/gio, ficut Dextra Ofculk averja appetitur0fide siuec.Ep.n?.' ' porrigitur. Perhaps this kind of Kifling came to Rome firft from the alibi- old cuftoms of the Afiaticl^ Kingdoms. For, when the old Perfians meet (ffaith Herodotus) you may kjiow whether they be Equal or not '■> for in Salutation they kjfi each other ^ but if one be fomewhat inferior they k?js only the cheeks : but if the one be far more ignoble (-o&amTrlev p ^oa-^vna ib> phrafi"ftur t7ie?v) he falls down adoring the other. For, adoring limply is often D.Matt.cap.4 taken only for a man to kifs his own hand or fore-linger with the bend- c°m- 9jiatqu<M* ing of his body 5 but the falling down alfb ("which fiipplies the kiC- Curtio nb s. fing of the feet J joyn'd with that ceremony, particularly denotes the procumbeis; Persian adoration. And as it appears out of that of Martial before cited, they did alfb (if the diftance permitted J kifs the feet in the adoration of their Kings. Thence have you adorari more Perfarum & Uo^oiQi Ba?£«'e*<C'' Which is expreft by Euripides thus perfonating Phrygius^ to Oretfes.
riy mi <r<*v
that is, Falling down, I adore thee, O King , after the Perftan manner.
And
52 Titles of Honour. Chap.IIL
-
And, Lpfe (faith Lampridius c&Alcxand. Severus) adorarife vet in t (mean- ing with the Divine relpedr of killing the hand) quum jam ctpijjet He- qTnbeiiius Uogahalus adorari Regum more Per/arum, Another of ^ Zenobia: Ado- fymn'nisjvtii- r&ta e si more Regum Perfarum, Whence, Seneca r (peaking of Caligu- fii Tiuophi. Ad la's offering his foot to kifs, faies , he was homo tutus in hoc, ut mores li- de"a°dorando' bcr<e Civitatis Pcrfcajcrvitute mutarct. But, ia Alexander's turning the Csfare. Grecian liberty into this fervitude , g^Curtius exprcfles it by venerarh
tDcB.ittfic.z. prociimberc, & humi corpus proflcrnere*. And thereof faith Juslm , Re- tentus csl a Maccdonibus mos faint andi Regis , cxplos'ii adorationc. But that greateft kind of adoration (after the old Perfan manner) is uled to this day to the Great Duke of Mofccvy, the King ofCalecut, the Great Chan , the TurJ^ , and iuch more. And a part of it is yet retained in {Ainm.cont- that ufe of kneeling to the greater Princes of Europe 5 and f killing T'cfp0!'Tj& their hands. But for the ufe of Adoration in the Empire , mod parti- iie Adoratio- cularly Procopim. Heiaies that 'the antient ufe, before his time , was ne, ofculatio. that one 0fthe dignity of a Patricius , in hisaddrefs to the Emperour,
re manus &c. ° J n ■ i_jjt--i~ir i
vfafit Marc, m^ 'M&xufi <vtnxiiv4 tit A&v , roorjhipt or bended nimLelf to the Empc- jmon.sur- rottr's right pap, and that the Emperour difmilled him with a kifs on his YfojSuiL. forehead? but that all others of left dignity yru Viimlu faQ^rf.J&i c«p.i\.V Bui- tt,^»tt'ajttp7,, Reeled to the Emperour on their right b^nee and fo departed. JSTiit i7.'"P* And that no u^c was of adoration to the Emprefs. But that Justinian, itf.ii. among other things which by Theodoras perfwafion or for her fake he
iA'MIM f ' innovated , made it a Law that as well every Patricius as any other that VvillacfL came in light of either him or her, fhould prefently fall U *> 'i^©- &i d- hmantium. /» ^ ^.£, ^ mf£t h £ytu T^aj/vap.ivu>v ni x*?4 tid^Vj ix«7*'?K d-^dfjat©' » upon the Htlhrtih fag. ground, on his face , and lifting himfelf up on his hands and feet , fhould 1 »$■ \ifboth the feet of each of them. But alfo that killing of the feet hath
been ufed in Europe at the doing of Homage upon Inveftitures received u Mi.vet.afui from great Princes , as u we fee in that of Ro Ho or Robert , firfl Duke of camd.i»Nn- Normandy , receiving the Duchy from Charles the Simple, and fuch It "eTciemti-" more '■> though in later Ages and at this day the kifs in Homage be on cenf. lib.z.cap. the cheek or lips , wherein it is Co eflential alio that the Homage hath I7' not enough , it feems, of what is legal without it -, whereupon in time
x R.»t. pari. of Henry VI. a great Plague x being about London , a Bill was put up in iSHen.6.artU. Parliament, defiring the King for his own prefervation , To ordain and, 581 grant ( lb are the words of the Roll ) by the Authority of this prefent
Parliament , that everiche of your faid lieges , in the doing of their faid Homage, may omit the faid kjjfing of you, and be excufed thereof (at your mill the Homage being ofthejame force as though they kijfed you) and have their Letters of doing of their Homage, the kjjfing of you omitted nottvith- Ji an ding. And the Bill having palled both Houfes , the fubfeription is, Lc Roy levoet , as the ufual words of his confent are. And of Adorati- on and Killing the Lips, Hands, and Feet, thus much by the way. And thus much of the Titles of King and Emperour.
Ch
AF.
Chap. IV. The Firft Fart. 3 3
Chap. IV.
I. Of the Title of Dominus or Lord given to great Princes , but alfo communicated to Subjects of the greater rank. Senior, Xeque or Cheque and the like.
II. The Kings of England antiently called only Lords of Ireland. The Dedut~tion and Change of that Title.
HI. The attribute of the name of God to Supreme Princes, and Swear" ing by them and by their Genius. Divinitas noftra , and JE- ternitas noftra , and the like ufed by them 3 with the antient nfe in the Eajlern Farts of having the name of a Deity in their Names.
sa^^gfOrthe fuller expreffion of Majefty , other Attributes alfb have,been given to Supreme Princes , which be names as Ejfential, as thofe ofEmperour and King, yet they are not convertible with them , nor Co particularly defign them. Thofe are chiefly Domini and Dii , or Lords and Gods, Which are communicated alfb to fbme others which are fubordinate. For that of Dominus or Lordj it was frequent in the Roman Empire. But Augullus utterly refuted it, and by Publique Edicr prohibited it to be given him. Domini Appellationem (faith Sueton) ut malcdi&um & opprobrium femper exhorruit. Cum Jpeitante eo ludos, pro- nunciatum efet in Mitno , O DOMINUM jEQUUM ET BONUM! €>^ univcrfl quafi de ipfo dilium exult antes comprobajfent : Statim mamt vultnque indecoras adulationes reprejjit, & infequenti die , gravijjimo cor- ripuit Edict 0, DOMIN UNIQUE Je polihac appellari, ne a liber is quidem aut nepotibus fuis, vel ferio vel joco pajjus est. Neither would he fufter his Children or Nephews, to ufe it in their Complements or other Lan- guage to each other. For it was a Fafhion about that time , for every man to falute his Friend , with the flattering language of Dominus and Rex , as it is a plain out of Martial. Neither would Tiberius endure t^g'/^'f" this Title, not fb much as in common falutation. Whereupon that idem.^.ip^. great bHiftorian and Statefman obferves, undeAugutfa& lubricaoratio, in^-Et'g- fub Principe, qui libertatem metuebat , adulationem oderat. And to the b Tacit.Annal. fame purpofe Statius c fpeaks of Domitian. 2.
f r cSyhar.l.in
KJ-Decetnb.
Tollunt innumeras, ad alira, voces Saturnalia Principisfonantes, Et dulci DOMINUM favore clamant 3 Hoc folum vetuit lie ere Cafar.
which yet muft either be referred to meer flattery or diffimulation , or elfe to the infancy of his Empire. For , by his exprefs command, the Titles of his Letters and fuch like were d Dominus & Deus nosier fie Domi!°clp*i*. fieri jubet. And Caligula before him publiquely alfb endured it. Af- ter Domitian, the firft that permitted himfelf to be ftiled by this Title, was Diocletian , who , as Vi&or faith , fe primus omnium Caligulam pofl Domitianumq^, Dominum palam dici pajjm, & adorari fe, appeltariqj utl Deum. Afterward that Apoftatajf«/W, after his counterfeiting fafhi- on , prohibited e it alfb. But , howfbever in publique falutations , it ' IH M'J$P°20~
E might
34 Titles of Honour. Ch'ap.IV.
might be Co much avoided , both by good and bad Princes before Dio- cletian, yet, both before and after him,it was promifcuoufly given them. tjtB.Attf.zs. Fe^us Lieutenant of Jury, in that of S. raid's f appeal, calls Claudius ab- tom.26.vief ' fblutely Lord. Eud<emon , in his Petition to Antoninus E calls him Kufw ^(/i _ B»n^Amrt,s, i.e. Lord Emperour , and the Emperour in his anfwer, adfy&bod. ftiles himfelf Lord of the World 5 as is before obferved. And, in a gold "Aji«£> * & Coin h, of the great and religious ConUantine , ftampt with his Picture ne°iemp«0a?or fitting, and his Court-gard about him, the Infcription is ■-, FELICITAS ff,ub,sq«* PERPETUA AUCEAT REM DOMIN. NOST. By which, and h,'£'"i' lne likc 0 our molt judicious ■ Camden obferves , that this ConUantine h Adoipb.occa was the firft that ufed this Title in his Monies and Publique Infcripti- ?**5?7" „ . ons. In the X. of Tlinies Eniftles alfo, Trajan is for the moft part called
1 Canute >t. Brit, «■»»«» . i • i i_ „ ■ • • r I /■
Dominc : although his Panegynqucto him , hath Trinaprs jedem obti-
nes, ne fit Domino locus. And the Empcrours are called Rerum Domini,
k Panegyric, by k Sidonitts Appollinaris j ad M.ijoran.
-Men Gal';.! Rerum, (Tilth he,
Ignoratnr adhitc Dominis-
iPbarfalM.}. And I//™;/ alio fpeaking of the beginning' of the Empire in Julius C<e- far from whence thole Titulary Attributes of Greatnefs had their ori- ginal in Rome,
Kamrfi omncs voces, per quasjam tempore tanto Jllentimur Dominis, k<ec primum reppcrit net as.
Neither Dominus only , but Herus alfo was given them , as the moft
learned Cafaubon obferves upon Sueton's O&avius. And for the later
times , frequent teftimony occurrs in the Imperial Story. The Greek
Conftitutions, and other Teflimonies of the Contfantinopolitan Empe-
rours, commonly give them the name of Kd^ot, j. c. Lords , for which
in their later corrupted Idiom you (hall have often KCf®- , fometimes Kvg
«^nL°oc cor- m anc* KlJp,{- Whence in fome Paflages Kurfac, and Surfac, and the like
mpto voca- (efpecially in the old French Hiftory of Geoffry Villehardovin) occurr,
buio crrores, being no other than corrupted from kS> or Ko'p»®- iw'«®-. Neither
rum quofdam were Juiiinian and Theodora his n Emprefs , content with the ufiial
arvi Barbari, names of Emperour and Emprefs,when any addrefs of fpecch was made
vidlfis'in No- to t^lcm j uofefi ^O^ or Lord , and AiQiroiv* or Lady, were together
tis tntodori alio given them. The ufe alfo of the titles of Lord given to fupreme
iDotnra 1 ad Princes hath been in every Kingdom of our Europe, as alfo in the Mahu-
Geori(.Lo'/othe- . _ , . •', ° . r> .
r.e chronic. medan State , where they have the name or Ameras , Amir , or Amera,
n Procopim in (applied to the great Sultan , and from him communicated to others)
rir.ip"xi-}4.~ which truly (as that of Sultan doth) may exprefs Dominus, or Lord.
o De Kepub. And for that of0 Eodin affirming , that by a Law in the Alcoran , none
Ul>i.cap.s>. was permitted to bear the name of Lord, but their Caliphs ; I believe
he was deceived , neither could I yet meet with any fuch Law , or any
example to jjuftifie his aflertion. But , of Amir and Sultan and the like
more in their place. But as fbme of the Emperours refuted this name
cither becaufe it feemed a relative to fervus, i. e. a bond flave, or in re-
fpedt that it fuppofed (if ill interpreted) the fubjecl and his fiibftance
P De ttepub. in the property of the Emperour, (for , in the p Laws of the Empire,
's!c.Tii£'iano Domini *pp?Uatione continctur qui habet Proprietatem etflufus fiuctus alie-
i.i,;.i. mis ft i and Augusius.} that fo much refufed it 9 could yet be very well
contented
C h a p.I V. The Firfl Part.
35
contented to be made a God while he yet lived.) So an old Jervffk
Seer, moved in a point of Conscience withErrour, would by no means
acknowledg it to any Earthly Prince, affirming, it was only proper to
the Monarch of Heaven. The Authour of this Seel: was p Judas of Ga- P Jofoh. A;-
Ulcc under Tiberius. He and his followers fb perverfly ftood for this ^'02'<'3'■,8■
nominal part of Liberty (being , in other points , meer Pharifees) that
no torments could extort their confeffion of this Honorary title to the
Emperour. This Judas is mentioned in the New i Teftament. Their ^*a'AP<#'
Herefie thus generally is fpoken of by divers receiving it from Jofe-
phus. But I r cannot be eafily perfwaded that they meerly ftood on rConfuksdc
the word Lord, Dominus. kJPi©- , m Rab or VTfUAdon- which fienifie to i]oc Ju<ia car-
, . r vt T L • • i • 1 dinal.Baroni-
this purpole near alike, r or what is more common in their and our „,„ jMnat. Text of the old Teftament , than the name of Adon or Lord, given to Tom- l- ®c*- far meaner men than Princes ? Thus fh all you fay (the words of Jacob) to cJ"2™fp'r my Lord (jnahl Efa'u And ni tnen" Salutations and addreft fpeeches, by both Teftaments it appears, that. Matter, Lord, or Sir ( expreft in the words which we have remembred) are familiar. I guefs, they iu- perftitioully did it rather out of that dreadful refpeft, which the Jews always had to the Tetragrammaton name of the Almighty, that is , mm (now commonly expreft Jehovah y which none of them, they fay , ever durft openly, nor any rmight,but the high Prieft fbmetimes,pronounce, f R-Mi Mofe! and that only in the Feaftof Reconciliations celebrated on the tenth of'"uchi°Z^i~ their Month Tifri , and only in the Sanftuary in his Benediction. And cap So.vcrum always when it occurred in reading , they (pake Adonai, i.e. Lord, for ^snf^ it, unlefs Adonai went before or followed it in the Text, and then they zdeviuSj' rcadit Elohim,i.e. God, and upon this difference pointed it (when they ns>"P '• had their Points ) either with the Points of Adonai or Elohim. It will appearfoin infinite Examples, where ourldiom h3.xh.the Lord God , the Latin Dominus Deus, and the Greek Kufi@- J0#. Whereupon with a relpeft only to the Translations , a moft learned and antient r Father l "&***&**. obferves '■> Deus quidem quod crat femper, Statim vominat j In principio ge»'.qui huh' fecit Deus ccelum & terram. Ac deinceps quamdiu faciebat quorum Do- & Dominum minus futurus erat, Dcusfolummodo ponit. Et dixit Deus, & fecit Deus, j^m""^". & vidit Deus , & nufquam adhuc Dominus. At itbi univerfa perfecit, rem,nifi(uc ipfiimq--, vel maxime Hominem , qui proprie Dominum inte//ec7urus erat, in<Juit ille^ Dominus cognominatur. For indeed it is true that until the holy Story ni. Apologetic," of the Creation is perfited by Mofes , the Tetragrammaton is not added «p.34« to Elohim , but afterward in the fecond of Genefis urn?** mm ( which they re.id Adonai Elohim , i. e. The Lord God) firft oceurrs. Confide- ring then their Jewifhfuperftitions, and how curious they were in Ce- remonies, Syllables, Titles, Words defective either in Point or Letter, and the like 5 you may with probability conjecture that here was the ground of that Galilean Seel: 5 thinking it not fit, perhaps, to ftile any Mortal by that Honorary title , by any other than which the Greateft, Dreadful, and unfpeakable Name of the CREATOR was never open- ly exprefled. Manifeft 'e dixerunt fapientes (faith u Rambam) quod Hi ud u More Ke- f/omen feparatum quod ett quatuor liter arum, ipfum folummodo etf fignifi- b^h.pa,t.\. cativum fubslantice Creatoris , fine participatione cujujlibet alterius rei. c"f' But their fcruple might eafily be fatisfied with that of the Emperour
Cantacuzen. 'Av?oQS>oasuf ii KJf/©- ( faith x he) %&*©• obv n n 0s?, i.e. r.Apolo£.B. Indefinitely or abfolutely the name of